1. MINNESOTA MULTIPHASIC PERSONALITY INVENTORY
AN OVERVIEW

2. MMPI ORIGINAL INSTRUMENT DEVELOPED IN LATE 1930’S
MOST WIDELY USED AND EXTENSIVELY RESEARCHED OF ALL PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS
REVISED IN MMPI-2

3. MMPI POPULARITY OF THE INSTRUMENT DUE TO 3 ASPECTS OF ITS DEVELOPMENT
MULTIPHASIC NATURE OF THE TEST
FORMAL ASSESSMENT OF TEST TAKING ATTITUDE
EMPIRICAL BASIS FOR ITEM SELECTION

4. MMPI CLINICAL SCALE DEVELOPMENT
AUTHORED BY HATHAWAY AND S McKINLEY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA HOSPITALS
SELECTED A POOL OF OVER 1000 ITEMS FROM A VARIETY OF SOURCES, PSYCH TEXTS, INTERVIEWS, AND THEIR OWN CLINICAL EXPERIENCE

5. MMPI CLINICAL SCALE DEVELOPMENT
DELETED DUPLICATE ITEMS AND ELIMINATED THOSE NOT USEFUL FOR THEIR PURPOSES LEAVING A POOL OF 504 ITEMS
THESE ITEMS PRESENTED AS FIRST PERSON DECLARATIVE STATEMENTS TO WHICH SUBJECT RESPONDED EITHER TRUE OR FALSE

6. MMPI CLINICAL SCALE DEVELOPMENT
TESTED A GROUP OF “NORMALS” AND COMPARED THEIR RESPONSES WITH THOSE OF CAREFULLY IDENTIFIED GROUPS OF PATIENTS FROM SPECIFIC DIAGNOSTIC CATEGORIES

7. MMPI CLINICAL SCALE DEVELOPMENT
ORIGINAL 8 DIAGNOSTIC COMPARISON CATEGORIES WERE
HYPOCHONDRIASIS, DEPRESSION, HYSTERIA, PSYCHOPATHIC DEVIATE, PARANOIA, PSYCHASTHENIA, SCHIZOPHRENIA, AND HYPOMANIA

8. MMPI CLINICAL SCALE DEVELOPMENT
THE PROPORTION OF TRUE VS. FALSE RESPONSES GIVEN BY THE PATIENT GROUP WAS COMPARED TO THE PROPORTION OF TRUE VS. FALSE GIVEN BY THE “NORMAL” GROUP
TESTED FOR SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES AT .05 LEVEL

9. MMPI CLINICAL SCALE DEVELOPMENT
RETAINED ITEMS THAT WERE SIGNIFICANT AND CROSS-VALIDATED THEM AGAINST 4 ADDITIONAL REFERENCE GROUPS
TO BE RETAINED AN ITEM HAD TO DISCRIMINATE BETWEEN THE PATIENT GROUP AND PRIMARY NORMAL GROUP & CROSS VALIDATE

10. MMPI CLINICAL SCALE DEVELOPMENT
EACH SCALE WAS THEN NORMED BY CALCULATING THE MEAN AND SD IN THE PRIMARY NORM GROUP
MASCULINITY-FEMININITY SCALE AND SOCIAL INTROVERSION SCALES WERE DEVELOPED LATER AND DIFFERENTLY THAN THE ORIGINAL 8 SCALES

11. MMPI Mf SCALE DEVELOPMENT
55 ITEMS RELATING TO SEXUAL ORIENTATION OR GENDER INTEREST PATTERNS WERE ADDED TO THE POOL
TEST WAS ADMINISTERED TO AN IDENTIFIED GROUP OF MALE HOMOSEXUALS AND A GROUP OF MALE SOLDIERS

12. MMPI Mf SCALE DEVELOPMENT
FEW ITEMS ACTUALLY DISCRIMINATED BETWEEN THE TWO GROUPS SO ITEMS THAT DISCRIMINATED BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN WERE USED FOR THE Mf SCALE

13. MMPI SI SCALE DEVELOPMENT
MMPI ITEMS THAT DISCRIMINATED BETWEEN STUDENTS SCORING ABOVE THE 65TH PERCENTILE FROM THOSE SCORING BELOW THE 65TH PERCENTILE ON THE MINNESOTA T-S-E, A TEST OF SOCIAL INTROVERSION-EXTRAVERSION WERE INCLUDED ON SI SCALE

14. MMPI VALIDITY SCALE DEVELOPMENT
? CANNOT SAY SCALE IS NOT ACTUALLY A SCALE BUT SIMPLY THE NUMBER OF TEST ITEMS EITHER OMITTED OR DOUBLE MARKED
L (LIE) SCALE CONSIST OF 15 ITEMS ORIGINALLY CONSTRUCTED TO DETECT DELIBERATE LYING, USING A RATIONAL SELECTION PROCESS

15. MMPI VALIDITY SCALE DEVELOPMENT
F SCALE CONSISTS OF 60 ITEMS ENDORSED ONLY RARELY BY NORMALS
SCALE DERIVED BY INCLUDING THOSE QUESTIONS FROM THE NORMING SAMPLE THAT WERE RESPONDED TO IN THE SCORED DIRECTION BY < 10% OF NORMALS

16. MMPI VALIDITY SCALE DEVELOPMENT
K (CORRECTION SCALE) CONSISTS OF 30 ITEMS TO DETECT MORE SUBTLE ATTEMPTS TO DENY FAULTS OR PRESENT ONESELF FAVORABLY
DERIVED FROM THOSE QUESTIONS THAT COULD DISCRIMINATE BETWEEN “NORMALS” AND PATIENTS WITH KNOWN PATHOLOGY WHO PRODUCED NORMAL PROFILES

17. MMPI
FINAL VERSION OF MMPI CONSISTED OF 566 ITEMS ON 10 CLINICAL SCALES AND FOUR VALIDITY SCALES

18. MMPI
VALIDITY SCALES
CANNOT SAY ?
LIE L
FREQUENCY F
CORRECTION K

19. MMPI CLINICAL SCALES HYPOCHONDRIASIS Hs 1 DEPRESSION D 2 HYSTERIA Hy 3
PSYCHOPATHIC DEVIATE Pd 4
MASCULINITY-FEMININITY Mf 5

20. MMPI PARANOIA Pa 6 PSYCHASTHENIA Pt 7 SCHIZOPHRENIA Sc 8
HYPOMANIA Ma 9
SOCIAL INTROVERSION Si 0

21. MMPI-2
AN OVERVIEW

22. MMPI-2 NORMING SAMPLE PROBLEMATIC MINNESOTA “NORMALS” WHITE
RURAL BACKGROUND
FARMERS/BLUE COLLAR WORKERS
PROTESTANT
SCANDANAVIAN BACKGROUND
35 YEARS OLD W/ 8TH GRADE EDUC

23. MMPI-2 ORIGINAL ITEMS OBSOLETE, POLITICALLY INCORRECT, OR OFFENSIVE
ELIMINATED AND/OR REWORDED ITEMS; ADDED ITEMS TO INCLUDE AREAS SUCH AS SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND MARITAL RELATIONSHIPS TO GET POOL OF 704 ITEMS

24. MMPI-2
EXPERIMENTAL FORM WAS ADMINISTERED TO NEW STANDARDIZATION SAMPLE
NEW SAMPLE
AGE 18-90
WIDE GEOGRAPHIC AREA
GENERALLY COMPARES WELL WITH US CENSUS DATA

25. MMPI-2 FINAL VERSION CONSISTS OF 567 ITEMS
ORIGINAL 4 VALIDITY SCALES AND 10 CLINICAL SCALES (ALL IN FIRST 370 ITEMS) IN ADDITION TO NEW VALIDITY SCALES
RESULTS ARE EXPRESSED AS UNIFORM T SCORES

26. MMPI-2
ADMINISTRATION
RECOMMENDED FOR USE WITH PERSONS 18 YEARS OLD OR OLDER
NEED AT LEAST 8 YEARS OF EDUCATION
MOST ITEMS WRITTEN 6TH-8TH GRADE READING LEVEL
NORMAL TESTING TIME MINUTES

27. MMPI-2 SUBECTS SHOULD BE INFORMED WHY THE TEST IS BEING ADMINISTERED
SHOULD BE GIVEN FEEDBACK RE/ RESULTS
AVOID PROVIDING DIRECT HELP
EMPHASIZE THAT THEY SHOULD RESPOND IN WAY THAT REFLECTS THEIR CURRENT THOUGHTS, FEELINGS, BEHAVIORS, AND EXPERIENCES

28. MMPI-2
SCORING
HAND SCORING INVOLVES USE OF SEMI-TRANSPARENT TEMPLATES PLACED OVER THE ANSWER SHEET
EXAMINE ANSWER SHEET FOR DOUBLE MARKED OR OMITTED ITEMS & CIRCLE
SEPARATE ANSWER SHEETS BY SEX
COUNT # OF RESPONSES IN BOXES

29. MMPI-2
THIS BECOMES THE RAW SCORE FOR THAT SCALE WHICH IS ENTERED IN APPROPRIATE SPACE ON PROFILE SHEET
PROFILE SHEETS ARE TWO SIDED-M/F
PLOT VALIDITY SCALE SCORES BY MARKING AT THE ELEVATION THAT REFLECTS THE RAW SCORE. CONNECT VALIDITY SCALES WITH A LINE

30. MMPI-2
BEFORE PLOTTING CLINICAL SCALES ADD APPROPRIATE “K CORRECTION” TO SCALES 1,4,7,8, AND 9.
MARK THE ELEVATION OF THE 10 CLINICAL SCALES ON PROFILE SHEET.
CONNECT WITH A LINE
RECORD THE UNIFORM T SCORE FOR EACH SCALE (ON FAR LEFT AND RIGHT COLUMN OF PROFILE SHEET)

31. MMPI-2 INTERPRETATION
FIRST, DETERMINE THE VALIDITY OF THE PROFILE ( TEST TAKING ATTITUDE OF THE SUBJECT)
EXAMINE BASIC SCALES FOR CLINICAL MEANING
T>65 IS ELEVATED
T<40 LOW

32. MMPI-2-CANNOT SAY SCALE
NOT A SCALE BUT THE # OF ITEMS DOUBLE MARKED OR OMITTED
> 30 ITEMS INVALIDATES PROFILE
HIGH SCORE
READING PROBLEM
CARELESSNESS
OCD/INDECISIVENESS
QUESTIONS DO NOT APPLY/LACK INFO

33. MMPI-2 LIE (L) SCALE
ORIGINALLY CONSTRUCTED TO DETECT A DELIBERATE AND UNSOPHISTICATED ATTEMPT TO PRESENT ONESELF IN A POSITIVE LIGHT
15 ITEMS
HIGH SCORE INDICATES DENIAL AS A PROMINENT DEFENSE MECHANISM
EXAMPLES OF L SCALE ITEMS:
ONCE IN A WHILE I THINK OF THINGS TOO BAD TO TALK ABOUT (F)
I DO NOT READ EVERY EDITORIAL IN THE NEWSPAPER EVERY DAY (F)
IF I COULD GET INTO A MOVIE WITHOUT PAYING AND BE SURE THAT I WAS NOT SEEN I WOULD PROBABLY DO IT (F)
HIGH L SCORES DON NOT INVALIDATE THE PROFILE. IT SIMPLY INDICATES A MEASURE OF DENIAL AND BLATANT NAÏVE DEFENSIVENESS

34. MMPI-2 LIE (L) SCALE HIGH SCORES CLERGY LIMITED SOCIAL AWARENESS
SOCIOPATHS
LIMITED INSIGHT, DENIAL, POOR TOLERANCE FOR STRESS
PRESENTING SELF IN UNREALISTICALLY POSITIVE LIGHT

35. MMPI-2 LIE (L) SCALE LOW SCORES
BETTER EDUCATED, BRIGHTER, MORE SOPHISTICATED PERSONS TEND TO SCORE LOWER
SCORES <45 SUGGEST THAT SUBJECT RESPONDED FRANKLY TO ITEMS AND WAS COMFORTABLE ENOUGH TO ADMIT TO MINOR FAULTS AND SHORTCOMINGS

36. MMPI-2 INFREQUENCY (F) SCALE
ELEVATIONS ON F > 65
SCORING ERRORS
POOR READING ABILITY
FAKING BAD (T>95)
EXAGGERATING SYMPTOMS
EXPRESSION OF DEFIANCE, HOSTILITY, NEGATIVITY
T MOST SIGNIFICANT PATHOLOGY
F SCALE WAS ORIGINALLY DESIGNED TO REFLECT INADEQUATE READING ABILITY. SCALE WAS NAMED “FEEBLEMINDEDNESS” HENCE THE ABBREVIATION F
SAMPLE QUESTIONS
EVIL SPIRITS POSSESS ME AT TIMES (T)
WHEN I AM WITH PEOPLE, I AM BOTHERED BY HEARING VERY STRANGE THINGS (T)
I BELIEVE I AM BEING PLOTTED AGAINST (T)

37. MMPI-2 INFREQUENCY (F) SCALE
LOW SCORES
ABSENCE OF BIZARRE OR UNUSUAL THINKING
MAY BE ATTEMPT TO FAKE GOOD

38. MMPI-2 CORRECTION (K) SCALE
ITEMS DETECT MORE SUBTLE OR SOPHISTICATED ATTEMPTS TO DENY FAULTS AND PRESENT ONESELF FAVORABLY
HIGH SCORES NOT CORRELATED WITH SPECIFIC BEHAVIORS BUT INSTEAD REFLECT A RELUCTANCE TO ADMIT TO PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
AMONG NORMAL ADULTS K IS NOT SO MUCH A MEASURE OF DEFENSIVENESS AS IT IS PERSONALITY INTEGRATION AND ADJUSTMENT, WITH HIGHER SCORES REFLECTING HEALTHY ADJUSTMENT
SAMPLE QUESTIONS
PEOPLE OFTEN DISAPPOINT ME (F)
I THINK NEARLY ANY ONE WOULD TELL A LIE TO KEEP OUT OF TROUBLE (F)
I HAVE VERY FEW QUARRELS WITH MEMBERS OF MY FAMILY (T)

39. MMPI-2 CORRECTION (K) SCALE
HIGH SCORES >65 INDICATIVE OF PERSONS WHO ARE VERY GUARDED AND DEFENSIVE AND SHOW MARKED RESISTENCE TO PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBING AND ASSESSMENT
MINIMIZE AND OVERLOOK FAULTS IN SELF AND FAMILIES

40. MMPI-2 CORRECTION (K) SCALE
K SCALE SCORES INFLUENCED BY SETTING, SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, AND EDUCATION LEVEL. HIGHER SCORES OCCUR NORMALLY IN
WELL EDUCATED PERSONS
HIGH SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS
LOW SCORES MAY BE FAKE BAD OR DETERIORATED DEFENSES

41. MMPI-2 NEW VALIDITY SCALES
BACK F (Fb) SCALE
designed to identify a “fake-bad” mode of responding for last 197 items
TRUE RESPONSE INCONSISTENCY SCALE (TRIN)
designed to detect yeasaying/naysaying
VARIABLE RESPONSE INCONSISTENCY SCALE (VRIN)
designed to detect inconsistent responding
TRIN SAMPLE QUESTIONS
PAIRED ITEMS WITH CONTRADICTORY OR OPPOSITE CONTENT
I WAKE UP FRESH AND RESTED MOST MORNINGS
MY SLEEP IS FITFUL AND DISTURBED
IF SUBJECT ANSWERED TRUE TO BOTH OF THESE ITEMS INCONSISTENCY IS REFLECTED AND ONE POINT IS SCORED
VRIN SAMPLE UESTION
PAIRED ITEMS EITHER SIMILAR OR OPPOSITE IN CONTENT
ITEM ABOVE INCLUDED
MY FATHER IS A GOOD MAN, OR (IF YOUR FATHER IS DEAD) MY FATHER WAS A GOOD MAN
I LOVE MY FATHER, OR (IF YOUR FATHER IS DEAD) I LOVED MY FATHER.
THESE HAVE SIMILAR CONTENT SO IF ONE IS ANSWERED TRUE AND THE OTHER FALSE THENONE POINT IS SCORED

42. INTERPRETATION OF VALIDITY
K > 65 MAY SUGGEST A DEFENSIVE PROFILE
FAKE BAD (OVERREPORTING PSYCHOPATHOLOGY)
T SCORE > 95 ON F (T SCORES > 85 ON 6,7,AND 8) WITH L AND K < 45

43. INTERPRETATION OF VALIDITY
FAKING GOOD (UNDERREPORTING PSYCHOPATHOLOGY)
K > 65 AND MOST CLINICAL SCALES AND F < 45
F-K INDEX
RAW F SCORE - RAW K SCORE
+11OR MORE SUGGESTS FAKING BAD
-11 OR LESS SUGGEST FAKING GOOD
F-K HAS NOT BEEN VALIDATED ON THE MMPI-2 SO SHOULD BE USED WITH CAUTION
HIGHER VALUES ARE EXPECTED IN FORENSIC AND PSYCHIATRIC SETTINGS AND A HIGHER CUTOFF SCORE IS SUGGESTED (15)

44. SCALE 1-HYPOCHONDRIASIS
DESIGNED TO INDICATE A VARIETY OF PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS CONSISTENT WITH BUT NOT NECESSARILY DIAGNOSTIC OF HYPOCHONDRIASIS
Sample questions
I have a good appetite (f)
My hands and feet are usually warm enough (f)
I am troubled by attacks of nausea nd vomiting (t)

45. SCALE 1-HYPOCHONDRIASIS
HIGH SCORES SUGGESTIVE OF
HIGH CONCERN WITH ILLNESS OR DISEASE
SOMATIZATION AS DEFENSE MECHANISM
SOUR, WHINY, COMPLAINING ATTITUDE; HOSTILITY/CYNICISM EXPRESSED INDIRECTLY

46. SCALE 1-HYPOCHONDRIASIS
LOW SCORES SUGGESTIVE OF
CHEERFUL, OPTIMISTIC ATTITUDE
NON ENDORSEMENT OF SOMATIC COMPLAINTS

47. SCALE 2-DEPRESSION
DESIGNED TO MEASURE SYMPTOMATIC DEPRESSION, AN ATTITUDE CHARACTERIZED BY POOR MORALE, LACK OF HOPE FOR THE FUTURE, AND A GENERAL DISSATISFACTION WITH LIFE
Sample questions
I wish I could be as happy as others seem to be (t)
I am certainly lacking in self confidence (t)
I usually feel that life is worthwhile (f)

48. SCALE 2-DEPRESSION
ITEMS DEAL WITH VARIOUS ASPECTS OF DEPRESSION- DENIAL OF HAPPINESS & PERSONAL WORTH, PSYCHOMOTOR RETARDATION, LACK OF INTEREST, SOCIAL WITHDRAWAL, PHYSICAL COMPLAINTS, & EXCESSIVE WORRY
STATE MEASURE--SITUATIONAL

49. SCALE 2-DEPRESSION HIGH SCORES SUGGESTIVE OF DEPRESSED WORRY PESSIMISM
INDECISION, DOUBT
HOPELESSNESS, SUICIDAL IDEATION

50. SCALE 2-DEPRESSION LOW SCORES SUGGESTIVE OF
LACK OF DEPRESSION, WORRY, PESSIMISM
TENDENCY TO FEEL COMFORTABLE WITH LIFE
CHEERFULNESS, BUOYANCY, OPTIMISM
SAMPLE QUESTIONS
I WISH I COULD BE AS HAPPY AS OTHERS SEEM TO BE (T)
I AM CERTAINLY LACKING IN SELF-CONFIDENCE
I USUALLY FEEL THAT LIFE IS WORTHWHILE

51. SCALE 3-HYSTERIA
ITEMS TAP TWO BROAD AREAS: SPECIFIC SOMATIC COMPLAINTS AND DENIAL OF PSYCHOLGICAL OR EMOTIONAL PROBLEMS AND OF DISCOMFORT IN SOCIAL SITUATIONS

52. SCALE 3-HYSTERIA HIGH SCORES SUGGESTIVE OF
IMMATURITY, EGOCENTRICITY, DEMANDING
HISTRIONIC CHARACTERISTICS AND REPRESSIVE DEFENSIVES
VANITY, LACKING IN INSIGHT
SHALLOW INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS

53. SCALE 3-HYSTERIA LOW SCORES SUGGESTIVE OF
CONSTRICTED, CONFORMING, OVERLY CONVENTIONAL SUSPICIOUS INDIVIDUAL
REALISTIC, LOGICAL, LEVEL HEADED
NOT PRONE TO IMPULSIVE DECISIONS
SAMPLE QUESTIONS
MUCH OF THE TIME MY HEAD SEEMS TO HURT ALL OVER (T)
I HAVE NEVER HAD A FAINTING SPELL (F)
I FIND IT HARD TO MAKE TALK WHEN I MEET NEW PEOPLE (F)

54. SCALE 4-PSYCHOPATHIC DEVIATE
ITEMS REFLECT A PRIMARY DIMENSION RANGING FROM CONSTRICTED SOCIAL CONFORMITY TO ANTISOCIAL ACTING-OUT IMPULSES

55. SCALE 4-PSYCHOPATHIC DEVIATE
HIGH SCORES SUGGESTIVE OF
GENERAL MALADJUSTMENT
ANGRY DISIDENTIFICATION WITH CONVENTION AND NORMS
IMPULSE CONTROL PROBLEMS
DISREGARD FOR RIGHTS OF OTHERS
UNWILLING TO ACCEPT RESPONSIBILITY FOR BEHAVIORS

56. SCALE 4-PSYCHOPATHIC DEVIATE
LOW SCORES SUGGESTIVE OF
OVERLY CONVENTIONAL, CONFORMING, & MORALISTIC
AVOID COMPETITIVE SITUATIONS
STRONG GUILT OVER MINOR INFRACTIONS
Sample questions
I am sure I get a raw deal from life (t)
No one seems to understand me (t)
I have never been in trouble because of my sex behavior (f)

57. SCALE 5 MASCULINITY-FEMININITY (Mf)
56 ITEMS MEASURE THE EXTENT TO WHICH SUBJECT ENDORSES OR IDENTIFIES WITH CULTURALLY STEREOTYPIC MASCULINE OR FEMININE INTEREST PATTERNS, VOCATIONAL CHOICES, ASTHETIC INTERESTS AND AN ACTIVITY-PASSIVITY DIMENSION
Sample questions
I think I would like the work of a librarian (t)
I like poetry (t)
I enjoy reading love stories (t)

58. SCALE 5 MASCULINITY-FEMININITY (Mf)
A HIGH SCORE FOR EITHER SEX IS INDICATIVE OF DEVIATION

59. SCALE 5 MASCULINITY-FEMININITY (Mf)
MALES WITH HIGH SCORES TEND TO BE RATHER PASSIVE, DEPENDENT, AMBITIOUS, SENSITIVE, AND INTERESTED IN CULTURAL AND AESTHETIC PURSUITS
MALES WITH LOW SCORES TEND TO BE STEREOTYPICALLY MASCULINE AND PLACE GREAT EMPHASIS ON TRADITIONALLY MASCULINE BEHAVIORS

60. SCALE 5 MASCULINITY-FEMININITY (Mf)
FEMALES WITH HIGH SCORES HAVE REJECTED TRADITIONAL FEMININE ROLE. DESCRIBED AS ACTIVE, AGGRESSIVE, ASSERTIVE, COMPETITIVE, UNINHIBITED, AND DOMINEERING
FEMALES WITH LOW SCORES ARE PASSIVE, SUBMISSIVE YIELDING AND DEMURE

61. SCALE 6-PARANOIA (Pa)
40 ITEMS MEASURES IDEATION RANGING FROM OBVIOUSLY PSYCHOTIC TO SUSPICIOUSNESS AND SELF-RIGHTEOUSNESS.
CONTENT OF ITEMS IS OBVIOUS MAKING IT EASIER TO FAKE THAN MOST
Sample questions
If people had not had it in for me, I would have been much more successful (t)
I believe that I am being plotted against (t)
At times I hear so well it bothers me (t)

62. SCALE 6-PARANOIA (Pa)
HIGH SCORES IN RANGE OF T>60-70 INDICATES HYPERSENSITIVITY TO CRITICISM, BASIC MISTRUST, TENDENCY TO HARBOR GRUDGES, ANGER, HOSTILITY, E.G. PARANOID TENDENCES AND /OR PARANOID PERSONALITY DISORDER

63. SCALE 6-PARANOIA (Pa)
HIGH SCORES BEYOND 75 THE POSSIBILITY OF PSYCHOSIS BECOMES MORE LIKELY
LOW SCORES <35 SUGGEST 1) SELF CENTERED, STUBBORN, UNAWARE; 2) COLD AND CALLOUS PRESENTATION; 3) OVERTLY PARANOID, DELUSIONAL, DEFENSIVE, AND EVASIVE

64. SCALE 7 PSYCHASTHENIA (Pt)
48 ITEMS REFLECTING CHRONIC ANXIETY, GENERAL DISSATISFACTION WITH LIFE, INDECISIVENESS, DIFFICULTY WITH CONCENTRATION, SELF DOUBT, RUMINATION AND AGITATED CONCERN ABOUT SELF AND THE OBSESSIONAL ASPECTS OF OCD
Sample questions
I find it hard to keep my mind on a task or job (t)
I feel anxiety about something or someone almost all the time (t)
Life is a strain for me much of the time (t)

65. SCALE 7 PSYCHASTHENIA (Pt)
GOOD INDEX OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TURMOIL AND DISCOMFORT
HIGH SCORES ARE DESCRIBED AS RIGID, METICULOUS, MORALISTIC AND DISSATISFIED WITH THEIR PRESENT LIFE SITUATION. ANXIETY IS PRONOUNCED. GENERALIZED PHYSICAL COMPLAINTS ARE COMMON

66. SCALE 8 SCHIZOPHRENIA (Sc)
78 ITEMS TAP DIMENSIONS OF SCHIZOID MENTATION, FEELINGS OF BEING DIFFERENT, ISOLATED, BIZARRE THOUGHT PROCESSES, POOR FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS, SEXUAL IDENTITY CONCERNS, TENDENCY TO WITHDRAW INTO WISH FULFILLING FANTASY
Sapmple questions
At times I have fits of laughing and crying that I cannot control (t)
I have had very peculiar and strange experiences (t)
Most anytime I would rather sit and daydream than do anything else (t)

67. SCALE 8 SCHIZOPHRENIA (Sc)
HIGH SCORES INDICATIVE OF THOUGHT DISTURBANCES , LOOSE ASSOCIATIONS, POOR JUDGEMENT, MISINTERPRETATION OF REALITY
OTHER NON-PSYCHOTIC HIGH SCORERERS TEND TO FEEL LONELY ALIENATED, ISOLATED, MISUNDERSTOOD, NOT PART OF SOCIAL GROUP

68. SCALE 8 SCHIZOPHRENIA (Sc)
LOW SCORES TEND TO BE INTERESTED IN PEOPLE AND PRACTICAL MATTERS TO THE EXCLUSION OF THEORETICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL CONCERNS, CONCRETE THINKERS, COMPLIANT, SUBMISSIVE, OVERLY ACCEPTING OF AUTHORITY

69. SCALE 9 HYPOMANIA (Ma)
46 ITEMS THAT ARE A DIRECT MEASURE OF ENERGY LEVEL
T SCORES >85 SUGGESTIVE OF MANIC DISORDER.
T SCORES IN RANGE OF ARE RESTLESS, ENTHUSIASTIC, IMPATIENT, ENERGETIC, GREGARIOUS, EXAGGERATED SENSE OF SELF WORTH AND IMPORTANCE
Sample questions
I am an important person (t)
At times my thoughts have raced ahead faster than I could speak them (t)
I have periods of such great restlessness that I cannot sit long in a chair (t)

70. SCALE 9 HYPOMANIA (Ma)
LOW SCORES <40 ARE LISTLESS, LETHARGIC, LOW IN DRIVE, DIFFICULT TO MOTIVATE, LACK INTEREST, INITIATIVE AND INVOLVEMENT; SHOW CHRONIC FATIGUE AND EVEN PHYSICAL EXHAUSTION

71. SCALE 0-SOCIAL INTROVERSION (Si)
69 ITEMS ASSESSING INTROVERSION-EXTROVERSION DIMENSION WITH HIGH SCORES INDICATIVE OF INTROVERSION
HIGH SCORES INTROVERTED, SHY, SOCIALLY INEPT WITH TENDENCY TO WITHDRAW
LOW SCORES ADEPT IN SOCIAL SITUATIONS, GREGARIOUS, EXTROVERTED
Sample questions
I wish I couas others seem to be (t)
It makes me uncomfortable to put on a stunt at a party even when others are doing the same sorts of things (t)
I am a very sociable person (f)