1. Unit 1 Fundamental Concepts SSEF1, SSEF2, SSEF3, SSEF4, SSEF5, SSEF6
Economics
Unit 1
Fundamental Concepts
SSEF1, SSEF2, SSEF3, SSEF4, SSEF5, SSEF6

2. Economics
A social science studying the allocation of resources and goods.

3. SSEF1
SSEF1:The student will explain why limited productive resources and unlimited wants result in scarcity, opportunity costs, and tradeoffs for individuals, businesses, and governments.
a. Define scarcity as a basic condition that exists when unlimited wants exceed limited productive resources.
b. Define and give examples of productive resources (factors of production) (e.g., land (natural), labor (human), capital (capital goods), entrepreneurship).
c. List a variety of strategies for allocating scarce resources.
d. Define opportunity cost as the next best alternative given up when individuals, businesses, and governments confront scarcity by making choices.

4. Vocab Scarcity: Limited economic resources with unlimited wants.
Land: Property, Natural resources.
Capital: Goods used to produce a product.
Allocate: Distribute resources to satisfy the greatest number of needs.
Opportunity Cost: Value of the next best alternative given up.
Trade Off: Occurs when one good is sacrificed for another.
Labor: Work being done.
Entrepreneurship: Develops a new combination of the other factors of production, creating something of value.

5. Scarcity
Why is scarcity the driving force of economics? Scarcity = a basic condition that exists when unlimited wants exceeds limited productive resources. “Individuals have wants that are unlimited. But the total resources of society, including natural resources, human resources, capital goods and entrepreneurship, are limited, so scarcity exists. As a result, it isn't possible for everyone to have everything he or she wants. No society has ever had enough resources to produce the full amount and variety of goods and services its members wanted. In a world of scarcity, producing any one good or service means that other goods and services cannot be produced, and trade-offs are inevitable.”-CEE

6. SCARCITY UNLIMITED LIMITED WANTS RESOURCES SCARCITY CHOICES 1. WHATTO
PRODUCE
2. HOW TO
PRODUCE
3. FOR WHOM
TO PRODUCE

7. Scarcity How does Scarcity impact economic decision making?
Why does Scarcity result in Opportunity Cost and Trade-Offs?
Resources and Scarcity: What’s Economics all about?
Alaskan Wilderness Activity.

8. 3 Factors to make a good Scarce
1. Limited Quantity
2. Desirable
3. More than 1 use.
VE4 video
Alaska

9. Four Factors of Production4
Factors
Land:
-All natural resources that are used to produce goods & services.
Ex: water, sun, plants, oil, trees, animals.
Capital:
-Any human made resource that is used to create other goods & services. Ex: oven, tractors.
*Human Capital: skills or knowledge gained through experiences.
Ex: college degree.
Labor:
-Any effort a person devotes to a task for which that person is paid.
Ex. Teachers, waiters.
Entrepreneurs:
-Leaders that combine all 3 factors to create a good or service.
Ex. Bill Gates, Jay Z
*risk takers.

10. Four Factors of Production
1. LAND
2. CAPITAL
3. LABOR
4. ENTREPRENEURS
Your Turn: Four sections of your paper.
List an example for your product
Draw and color the example.

11. 3 Key Questions of Economics
1. What to produce?
2. How to produce it?
3. For whom to produce it?

12. Opportunity Cost
The value of the next best alternative that could have been chosen but was not chosen. What you give up when you make a choice.
Something you give up to gain something else.
Trade-off- When one good is sacrificed for another.
Opportunity cost is what you must give up to obtain something else, the second-best alternative. However, what you must give up to obtain, say, a bicycle is not really money--it is whatever other good or service you would have spent the money on as your next-favorite choice.

13. SSEF2
SSEF2: The student will give examples of how rational decision making entails comparing the marginal benefits and the marginal costs of an action.
a. Illustrate by means of a production possibilities curve the trade offs between two options.
b. Explain that rational decisions occur when the marginal benefits of an action equal or exceed the marginal costs.

14. Vocab
Marginal Benefits: The additional gain from consuming or producing one ore unit of a good or service; can be measured in dollars or satisfaction.
Marginal Cost: The increase in a producer’s total cost when it increases its output by one unit.
*Cost-Benefit Analysis: An analysis of the cost effectiveness of different alternatives in order to see whether the benefits outweigh the cost.
Production Possibilities Curve: All possible combinations of two goods or services that can be produced within a given time; 2 assumptions: 1. Amount of resources and technology remains the same; 2. Maximizing efficiency.

15. Marginal Cost/Benefits
Decisions are almost always made on the basis of marginal cost and benefits. PACED model.
Decision making process:
1. Define the Problem/Define Rational
2. List the Alternatives.
3. State the Criteria
4. Evaluate the alternatives.
5. Make the Decision.
**MAKE SURE WHEN YOU ARE MAKING A DECESION THAT YOUR BENEFITS OUTWEIGHT YOUR COSTS!

16. PACED Model P: What is the PROBLEM? A: What are the ALTERNATIVES?
What options are available to you?
C: What are the CRITERIA important to the decision?
What goals do you want accomplished?
Characteristics? Which ones are important
E: EVALUATE each alternative.
Take each one and give it a plus (+) or minus (-).
D: Make a DECISION!
Which alternative meets your standards?
What do you gain?
What did you give up?

17. Now it’s YOUR turn. Scarce Resource: 1. Free Homework Pass 2. Sucker
3. 5 Points towards your next quiz.
Use the PACED Model to make a final Decision.

18. Production Possibilities Curve
Trying to see where the best point to produce your good or service is at.
Guns: Capital
Butter: Consumer
2 assumptions:
1. Amount of resources
and technology remains
the same.
2. Maximizing efficiency.
GUNS
BUTTER

19. PPC A: Inefficient-you don’t have enough resources.
E: Unattainable because you don’t have enough resources. This is your goal.
PPC shows Scarcity, Opportunity Cost, and Allocation of Goods.
Also shows economic growth.
Shifts to the Right=Increase
Shifts to the Left=Decrease

20. Production Possibilities Curve
If the Nation is currently producing at B, How could they get to D?
Invest in Technology.
Invest in more capital.
Productive resources.
Change in Trade D a b c

21. PPC
What would cause:
A to B: increase in technology, human capital, more workers.
C to A: Decline in economy, Unemployment rises.
A: Not enough resources.
B. Most Efficient. Full Capacity.
C. too much. Low demand for product. Over capacity. C B A

22. Opportunity Cost with PPC
What if they increased production of Guns from 6 to 15, what is the opp cost of butter?
20 quarts of Butter were given up to produce the desired 15 guns. D

23. Production Possibilities Curve
Now It’s Your Turn
Practice with PPC!

24. SSEF3
SSEF3: The student will explain how specialization and voluntary exchange between buyers and sellers increase the satisfaction of both parties. a. Give examples of how individuals and businesses specialize. b. Explain that both parties gain as a result of voluntary, non-fraudulent exchange.

25. Specialization
Assignment of tasks so that each worker performs fewer functions more frequently.
Not limited to a single factor of production.
Industrial or Regional specialization occurs.
Industrial-Assembly line- Car parts-doors, engines.
Regional- Farming, Produce.
Idaho-Potatoes, Iowa-Corn, Texas- Oil, Cattle
Helps reduce time and cost of the product.

26. Voluntary Exchange
The act of buyers and sellers freely and willingly engaging in market transactions.
The transaction benefits both the buyer and seller, or it would not have taken place.
Non-fraudulent.
Buyers Choices on Money: Deposit into Bank, keep it, exchange it for goods or services.
Sellers Choices on Money: Exchange goods for cash, must feel money is more valuable than the good.

27. SSEF4
SSEF4 The student will compare and contrast different economic systems and explain how they answer the three basic economic questions of what to produce, how to produce, and for whom to produce. a. Compare command, market, and mixed economic systems with regard to private ownership, profit motive, consumer sovereignty, competition, and government regulation. b. Evaluate how well each type of system answers the three economic questions and meets the broad social and economic goals of freedom, security, equity, growth, efficiency, and stability.

28. Vocab Market Economy Command Economy Mixed Market Economy
Profit Motive
Consumer Sovereignty
Broad Goals of Economic Systems

29. Market Economy
Market Economy- Economic system in which supply, demand, and the price system help people make decisions and allocate resources; same as free enterprise economy. What, How, Whom questions.
WRITE:
Producers and Consumers make all economic decisions!

30. Market Economy Advantages Disadvantages: 1. Variety of goods and
services.
2. Able to adjust to change
gradually.
3. Individual freedom for
everyone.
4.Consumer Sovereignty
Disadvantages:
1. Lots of failures.
2. Not everyone's needs are
met.
3. Rewards only productive
resources; does not provide
for people too young, too
old, or too sick to work.
4. Does not produce enough
public goods such as
defense, universal
education, or health care.

31. Market Economy
Examples:
1. Canada
2. France

32. Command Economy
Economic system characterized by a central authority that makes most of the major economic decisions.
WRITE:
The government makes all economic decisions.

33. Command Economy Advantages: Disadvantages 1. Stable 2. Efficient
3. Basic needs of
citizens are met.
Disadvantages
1. No growth
2. Few options for consumers
3. Does not care about the
citizens of their nation.

34. SSEF5
SSEF5 The student will describe the roles of government in a market economy. a. Explain why government provides public goods and services, redistributes income, protects property rights, and resolves market failures. b. Give examples of government regulation and deregulation and their effects on consumers and producers.

35. SSEF6
SSEF6 The student will explain how productivity, economic growth, and future standards of living are influenced by investment in factories, machinery, new technology, and the health, education, and training of people. a. Define productivity as the relationship of inputs to outputs. b. Give illustrations of investment in equipment and technology and explain their relationship to economic growth. c. Give examples of how investment in education can lead to a higher standard of living.