1. Roots of Applied Behavior Analysis Chapter 1
Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers
9th edition
Paul A. Alberto and Anne C. Troutman

2. Requirements for explaining human behavior
Inclusive:
Does the explanation account for a substantial quantity of
behavior?
Verifiable:
Is the explanation testable?
Predictive Utility:
Does the explanation provide reliable answers about what people are likely to do under certain circumstances?
Parsimonious:
Is it the simplest explanation?
1-3

3. Biophysical and Biochemical Explanations of Human Behavior
Genetic and Hereditary Effects
Dominant Genetic Inheritance
Recessive Genetic Inheritance
1-4

4. Dominant Genetic Inheritance
Affected Mother
(An)
Unaffected Father
(nn)
Affected (An)
Normal (nn)
Affected (An)
Normal (nn)
Each child has a 50% chance of inheriting the “A” gene (dominant abnormal gene) or the “n” gene (normal gene) from the affected parent.
Abnormal Gene Passage
Normal Gene Passage
1-5

5. Recessive Genetic Inheritance
Carrier Mother
(Na)
Carrier Father
(Na)
Normal
(NN)
Carrier
(Na)
Carrier
(Na)
Affected
(aa)
Each child has a 25% chance of inheriting two “a” genes (recessive abnormal genes) and inheriting two “N” genes (normal genes). Each child also has a 50% chance of being carriers of the abnormal gene.
Abnormal Gene Passage
Normal Gene Passage
1-6

6. Biophysical and Biochemical Explanations of Human Behavior
Genetic and Hereditary Effects
Dominant Genetic Inheritance
Recessive Genetic Inheritance
Biochemical
Brain Damage
1-7

7. Theoretical Explanation
Usefulness of Biophysical and Biochemical Explanation of Human Behavior
Theoretical Explanation
Inclusiveness
Verifiability
Predictive Utility
Parsimony
Biophysical and Biochemical
Poor
Fair
1-8

8. Developmental Explanations of Human Behavior
Psychoanalytic Theory (Sigmund Freud )
Progression through crucial stages
Aberrant behavior if person fixates on a particular stage
A Stage Theory of Cognitive Development (Jean Piaget )
Assimilation
The tendency to adapt the environment to enhance personal functioning.
Accommodation
The tendency to change behavior to adapt to the environment.
Equilibration
The process of maintaining a balance between assimilation and accommodation.
1-9

9. A Comparison of Freudian and Piagetian Theories
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Piaget’s Stage Theory of Cognitive Development
Age
Stage
Birth to 2 years
Oral Stage: Gratification centered around the mouth
Birth to 1 ½ years
Sensorimotor Intelligence: Infant is preoccupied with differentiating himself from the rest of the world and establish representations of objects.
2 to 4 years
Anal Stage: Child derives gratification from withholding and controlling feces. This corresponds with toilet training.
1 ½ to 4 or 5 years
Preoperational Thought- Representational Thinking: Child develops language, however is still unable to take another person’s point of view.
4 to 6 years
Phallic Stage: Gratification contents around genitalia. Child becomes attached to parent of the opposite sex and develops hostility to parent of same sex.
5 to 7 years
Preoperational Thought – Intuitional Thinking: Child begins to understand conservation, attends to more than one aspect of an object at a time, understands reversibility of some operations.
6 years to Puberty
Latency Stage: Child identifies with the parent of the same sex and plays primarily with other children of the same sex in sex-stereotyped activities.
7 to 11 years
Concrete Operations: Organizes perceptions and symbols; able to classify along several dimensions simultaneously; cannot solve abstract problems.
Puberty
Genital Stage: Child becomes interested in members of the opposite sex.
12 years to Adult
Formal Operations: Deals with abstractions, hypothetical situations, and can think logically.
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10. Usefulness of Developmental Explanation of Human Behavior
Theoretical Explanation
Inclusiveness
Verifiability
Predictive Utility
Parsimony
Developmental
Good
Poor
Fair
1-11

11. Cognitive Explanations of Human Behavior
Gestalt Psychology – we see objects in their entirety before perceiving their individual parts
Discovery Learning (Jerome Bruner b.1915)
Constructivism – experience environment first-hand, giving reliable, trust-worthy knowledge
1-12

12. Usefulness of Cognitive Explanation of Human Behavior
Theoretical Explanation
Inclusiveness
Verifiability
Predictive Utility
Parsimony
Cognitive
Good
Poor
1-13

13. Behavioral Explanation of Human Behavior
All behavior is learned
Behavior must be measurable and observable
A behaviorist focus is on the“present environmental conditions, both antecedent and consequent, maintaining behavior and on establishing and verifying functional relations between such conditions and behaviors”
1-14

14. Important Concepts of Behavioral Explanation
Positive Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
Punishment
Extinction
1-15

15. Important Concepts of Behavioral Explanation
Antecedent Control
Stimulus Control
Setting Events
Kazdin’s (2000) 3 types of setting events: social, physiological, and environmental
Baily et al.’s (1988) subdivision of environmental setting events: instructional dimensions, physical dimensions, social dimensions, and environmental change
Modeling and Shaping (p.15)
1-16

16. Usefulness of Behavioral Explanation of Human Behavior
Theoretical Explanation
Inclusiveness
Verifiability
Predictive Utility
Parsimony
Behavioral
Fair
Good
1-17

17. Usefulness of Explanations of Human Behavior
Theoretical Explanation
Inclusiveness
Verifiability
Predictive Utility
Parsimony
Biophysical/ Biochemical
Poor
Fair
Developmental
Good
Cognitive
Behavioral
1-18

18. Historical Development of Behaviorism
Respondent Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov )
Classical or Respondent Conditioning – the process of pairing stimuli so that an unconditioned stimulus elicits a response (reflexive behaviors)
Associationism (Edward Thorndike ))
Associations between situations and responses
Law of Effect
Law of Exercise
Food (UCS)
Stage 1:
Tone (CS) Salivation (UCR)
Stage 2:
Tone (CS) Salivation (CR)
1-19

19. Historical Development of Behaviorism
Behaviorism (John Watson )
Coined term “behaviorism”
Focused on observable behaviors – emotional responses
Watson & Rayner (1920) – baby Albert
Operant Conditioning (B.F. Skinner )
Voluntary behaviors
The arrangement of environmental variables to establish a functional relation between a voluntary behavior and its consequences.
1-20

20. Applied Behavior Analysis
”The process of applying sometimes tentative principles of behavior to the improvement of specific behaviors, and simultaneously evaluating whether or not any changes noted are indeed attributed to the process of application.”
Baer, Wolf, & Risley, (p.91)
1-21

21. 7 Characteristics of Research to Qualify as Applied Behavior Analysis
Identified by Baer, Wolf, & Risley (1968)
Applied – behavior selected for change must be socially important
Behavioral – behavior must be observable and measurable
Analytic – intervention must demonstrate control over the behavior
Technological – written in such a way that it is easily replicated
Effective – demonstrate a meaningful change in the desired behavior
Conceptually Systematic – use appropriate terminology and behavioral concepts
Generality – must demonstrate maintenance and generalization of the behavior
1-22

22. Chapter 2 Overview Concerns about Applied Behavior Analysis
Confusion with Other Procedures
Reaction to Controversial Procedures
Concerns about Coercion
Ethical Use of Applied Behavior Analysis Procedures
A Therapeutic Environment
Services whose Overriding Goal is Personal Welfare
Treatment by a Competent Behavior Analysis
Programs that Teach Functional Skills
Behavioral Assessment and Ongoing Evaluation
Most Effective Treatment Procedures Available
Accountability
2-2

23. Examples of Applied Behavior Analysis and
Examples of Applied Behavior Analysis and Behavior Modification Procedures
Applied Behavior Analysis
Behavior Modification
Definition:
“the systematic changing of behavior by the application of behavioral principles.”
“procedures derived from the experimental analysis of human behavior.”
Behavioral Principles:
Positive Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
Punishment
Extinction
Stimulus Control
Modeling
Shaping
Behavior Modification Procedures:
Hypnosis
Psychosurgery
Brain Implants
Drug Therapy
Electroconvulsive Shock Treatment
2-3

24. Services Whose Overriding Goal is Personal Welfare
Behaviors targeted for change should benefit the student
The student and parents should voluntarily agree to goals
If procedures not widely accepted consent is required
Informed Consent
Voluntary Consent
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25. Homework: application & integration
When we deconstruct the process of behavior change we discover that frequently we want to change someone else’s behavior for a variety of reasons. Possibly we think the behavior in question is rude, silly, obnoxious, or is not socially appropriate. Maybe we feel the behavior is dangerous, “weird,” unkind, or “wrong.” Or maybe the behavior simply irritates, bothers, or annoys us. Whatever the case, it is critical as educators, psychologist, counselors, and human beings we explore our “buttons” before we go about the business of trying to change someone else. For this assignment list the behaviors that “push your buttons.” The challenge is to list as many behaviors as you can. The more honest you can be the more valuable this exercise will be for you, both personally and professionally. Good luck! Behaviors that “push my buttons:”

26. Closure On a piece of paper (to be reused each week), write
Three things you got out of today’s class
“Aha!” moment
Learned something new or surprising
Lingering question
General comments
Name and date!