1. Intro to Radiologic Technology (RADT A)

2. RTEC A INSTRUCTOR MINA COLUNGA, B.S.,RT., C.R.T.
Instructor, or
WEB page:

3. WHY CHOOSE RADIOGRAPHY?

4. Is this a safe profession?
Why do you want to do this?
Why are you taking this class?

5. Preconceived Ideas regarding the X-ray field
Elicit responses from students about what they think the x-ray field is all about.

7. What is x-rays?
X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with extremely short wavelengths. They can pass through many materials.
Purpose of x-rays
--To detect pneumonia, congestive heart failure, broken bones, tumors, and other abnormalities.

8. What is radiation?
Radiation – transfer of energy through space or a material away from the source

9. Radiographic Terminology
Radiology- Medical specialty in which x-rays, radium, and radioactive substances are applied in the diagnosis and treatment of the patient
Diagnostic Imaging- Medical specialty in which x-rays, radium, radioactive substances, sound waves, and radio frequencies are applied in the diagnosis and treatment of the patient
Radiologist- Physician who applies any form of radiation in the diagnosis and treatment of disease.

10. Radiographic Terminology
Radiographer- Skilled person qualified by education to provide patient services using imaging modalities as directed by a physician qualified to order and/or perform radiographic procedures.
(X-ray Technologist)
Radiograph- a photographic record produced by x-rays through an object.

12. Types of Radiation Non-ionized Ionized ex: radio ex: x-rays, gamma

13. Electromagnetic Spectrum

14. History of Radiology

15. Historical Perspectives
November 8, 1895:
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discovered x-rays
German Physicist
University of Wurtzburg

16. Wilhelm Röntgen in 1895 - discovered x-rays
Working with Crooke’s vacuum tube
He found invisible rays were produced.
These new rays could go through skin and flesh
Give a picture of a person's bones.
The discovery of X rays by the German physicist Wilhelm Roentgen in 1895 was an international sensation.
Working with vacuum tubes, he bombarded a metal plate with high speed electrons.
He found that invisible rays were produced. These mysterious new rays could go through skin and flesh and give a picture of a person's bones.

18. X-rays – the Basic Radiological Tool
Röntgen’s experimental apparatus -Crookes tube
Roentgen’s experimental apparatus (Crookes tube) that led to the discovery of the new radiation on 8 Nov – he demonstrated that the radiation was not due to charged particles, but due to an as yet unknown source, hence “x” radiation or “x-rays”
Known as “the radiograph of Bertha Roentgen’s hand” taken 22 Dec. 1895
Taken 22 Dec. 1895

19. First Radiograph Anna Bertha Röntgen 30 minute exposure .
those initial tubes
were using very low
energies for long periods
of time

20. Collaborative Events Crookes tube Air evacuated glass tube
Cathode side
Anode side
Electrical supply
Screen or board painted with barium platinocyanide
Low light work area

22. “Willie Röntgen”
Honored in 1901 with the first Nobel prize in physics for his efforts.

23. In the beginning…..

24. Early years in Radiologic Technology
Nurses or nurses aides taught how to “take an x-ray”
NO special education
Only “ON THE JOB” training
Experience the best teacher
The first Technologist is credited to be
EDWARD C. JERMAN.

25. An early therapy session

27. In 30 years
Developed from a technical trade to one of a professionalism
Once thought that anyone could be trained to quickly = “push the buttons’
To now where it is considered a profession that requires analytical thinking and problem solving

30. X rays began to be used in industry and medicine
Years later, they noticed it can be harmful
They could be harmful to:
living tissue
even cause cancer if the exposures were too great or too prolonged
X rays soon found many valuable uses in medicine and in industry.
It was, unfortunately, quite a few years later that a harmful side of X rays was also discovered.
They could be harmful to living tissue, or even cause cancer if the exposures were too great or too prolonged

31. Early signs of possible damage from Radiation exposure
Skin dryness
Erythema
Ulcers formed

32. Acute: Ulceration

34. Radiologic Technologists
Practices RADIATION SAFETY TO SELF AND OTHERS

39. HISTORY REVIEW
Who is this?

40. HISTORY REVIEW
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen

41. HISTORY REVIEW
What did he discover?

42. HISTORY REVIEW
He discovered x-rays

43. What were the series of events that led to the discovery?
HISTORY REVIEW
What were the series of events that led to the discovery?

44. HISTORY REVIEW Crookes tube
With electrical supply
2) Screen coated with barium platinocyanide
3) Low light area

45. Accreditation, Certification, Registration, Licensing???
What is all that?

46. Accrediting Agencies for Schools (JRC’s)
Joint Review Committee on Education in Diagnostic Medical Sonography (JRCDMS)
Joint Review Committee on Education in Nuclear Medicine Technology (JRCNMT)
Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology

47. Individual Certification
Take an exam
Pay a fee
You then get registered
Nearly all hospitals require appropriate certifciation as a condition of employment.

48. National: Registry Agencies
American Registty of Diagnostic Medical Sonographers (ARDMS)
American Registry of Radiologic Technologists
Nuclear Medicine Certification Board

49. State Licensing Agencies
Vary from state to state
List of individual state requirement can be obtained at
Must provide proof of certification
Fill out paperwork
Pay a fee
Sometimes take an exam

50. Certification vs. License
ARRT
National certification
R.T.
Must take an exam
Pass with 75%
Can take this after completing program
CRT
State Licensing
Must pass ARRT or other equivalent national exam to get this
Pay fee to get radiography license (R)
Take fluoroscopy exam and pay a fee for (F) license

51. RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY
It covers all of our individual disciplines.

52. RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY
Radiography
Mammography
Computed Tomography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Quality Management
Sonography
Radiation Therapy
Bone Densitometry
Vascular Sonography
Breast Sonography
Cardiac Interventional Radiography
Vascular Interventional radiography
Radiologist Assistant
Nuclear Medicine

53. 5 Primary Certifications
 Radiography (R)
Nuclear Medicine Technology (NM)
Radiation Therapy (T)
Sonography (US) (RDMS)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MR)
candidates must have successfully completed a formal educational program in the respective discipline that is accredited by a mechanism acceptable to ARRT.

54. Post Primary Certifications
Mammography (M)
Computed Tomography(CT)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MR) or (MRI)
Note: Both a primary and post-primary track
Quality Management (QM)
Cardiac-Interventional Radiography (CI)
Vascular-Interventional Radiography (VI)
Sonography (US) or (RDMS)
Note: Both a primary and post-primary track
Vascular Sonography (VS)
Breast Sonography (BS)
Bone Densitometry (BD)
Registered Radiologist Assistant (RA)

55. MRI and Sonography are PRIMARY and POST PRIMARY
Can get formal education
On the job training
if you have a primary certification in radiography, nuclear medicine or radiation therapy
meet clinical requirements.

56. Individual Disciplines of Radiology

57. Radiography : Primary Certification
Mina Colunga R.T. (R)
Mina Colunga Registered Technologist in the specialty of Radiography

58. RADIOGRAPHY Diagnostic Radiology Technologist Radiographer
Technician (Limited Licensure)
Specializing in the use of x-rays to create images of the body including the skeletal system,chest and abdomen

59. Two Types of x-ray examinations
Radiography
Fluoroscopy

60. Fluoroscope
1898 by Thomas Edison

62. Types of Diagnostic Exams
Chest
Extremities
Skull/ Facial
Spine
Gastrointestinal
Interventional

63. All types of EXAMS & PEOPLE
Infants
Elderly
All classes
All ethnicity
All backgrounds
Head to toes
Trauma
Special procedures
Critical patients
Walk ins
Surgery

64. Uses Ionizing Radiation to create images of the human body

67. Flouroscopy- xrays in motion

68. Fluoroscopy

73. Beyond Diagnostic Radiography
Ultrasound (sonography)
Angiography
Computerized tomography (CT)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Nuclear Medicine
Mammography
Radiation Therapy

74. Beyond Diagnostic Radiography
Ultrasound (sonography)
Angiography
Computerized tomography (CT)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Nuclear Medicine
Mammography
Radiation Therapy

76. SALARY RANGES RT’s New R.T. (R) = $ 23 -$40 per hour
ON-CALL + O.T. $48,000 – $83,000 YR
Advance disciplines
R.T. (CT), (T), (NM), (S), (M), etc
$ 30 - $50 PER HOUR

77. Bone Densitometry (BD) – Post primary certification
1) Must have primary certification in radiography, nuclear medicine or radiation therapy
2) Meet clinical requirements

78. Bone Densitometry- measures mineral content and density of bones

79. Low Doses of Radiation

80. --uses high frequency sound waves
Career in Radiography
Ultrasound (sonography)
--uses high frequency sound waves

81. Ultrasound beam is transmitted and reflected –
as special crystal at the end of
the transducer can
determine the type of tissue
Determines depth

82. Uses SOUND WAVES (NOT X-RAYS)
“real time” images

83. ULTRASOUND
uses a technique similar to Navy SONAR to produce diagnostic images.

87. U/S & the “real thing”

88. Vascular Sonography cd

90. Obstetric Ultrasound is the use of ultrasound scans in pregnancy
Obstetric Ultrasound is the use of ultrasound scans in pregnancy. Since its introduction in the late 1950’s ultrasonography has become a very useful diagnostic tool in Obstetrics.
Currently used equipments are known as real-time scanners, with which a continuous picture of the moving fetus can be depicted on a monitor screen. Very high frequency sound waves of between 3.5 to 7.0 megahertz (i.e. 3.5 to 7 million cycles per second) are generally used for this purpose. They are emitted from a transducer which is placed in contact with the maternal abdomen, and is moved to "look at" (likened to a light shined from a torch) any particular content of the uterus. Repetitive arrays of ultrasound beams scan the fetus in thin slices and are reflected back onto the same transducer. The information obtained from different reflections are recomposed back into a picture on the monitor screen (a sonogram, or ultrasonogram). Movements such as fetal heart beat and malformations in the fetus can be assessed and measurements can be made accurately on the images displayed on the screen. Such measurements form the cornerstone in the assessment of gestational age, size and growth in the fetus

92. Angiography

93. ANGIOGRAPHY is a specialized radiographic examination where the images of the blood vessels of the body are demonstrated by injection of contrast media

95. SUB SPECIALITY IN ANGIOGRAPHY
Cardiovascular Interventional Technology
Vascular Interventional Technology
Must have certification in diagnostic radiography in order to be trained and certified in these special procedures.

96. Cardiac Interventional Radiography (CI)- Primary certification
Mike Smith, RT (R) (CI)
Must have primary certification in radiography
2) Meet clinical requirements

97. Vascular Interventional Radiography (VI)- Post primary certification
JOE CAR, RT (R) (VI)
Must have primary certification in radiography
Meet clinical requirements

99. 99

100. Angiogram
A medical imaging technique using x-ray and contrast agent to visualize the inside of blood vessels and organs of the body.
Angiography or arteriography is a medical imaging technique used to visualize the inside, or lumen, of blood vessels and organs of the body, with particular interest in the arteries, veins and the heart chambers. This is traditionally done by injecting a radio-opaque contrast agent into the blood vessel and imaging using X-ray based techniques such as fluoroscopy.

103. Also known as CT, Cat Scans
Computed Tomography
Also known as CT, Cat Scans

104. Computed Tomography
Uses ionized radiation to obtain cross sectional images
Designated by CT
Jennifer Smith, R.T. (R) (CT)
Must have primary certification in radiography, nuclear medicine or radiation therapy
Meet clinical requirements

105. Computed Tomography
Able to do 3D reconstruction

107. MRI
Magnetic Resonance Imaging

108. MRI SIGNAL PRODUCTION
Uses
Magnet field
radio waves

109. MRI Uses magnetic and radio waves to create images
Can be whole body or cross sectional
Designated by MRI
Jeremy Assef, R.T., CRT, (MRI)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), is primarily a medical imaging technique most commonly used in radiology to visualize the structure and function of the body. It provides detailed images of the body in any plane. MRI provides much greater contrast between the different soft tissues of the body than computed tomography (CT) does, making it especially useful in neurological (brain), musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and oncological (cancer) imaging. Unlike CT, it uses no ionizing radiation, but uses a powerful magnetic field to align the nuclear magnetization of (usually) hydrogen atoms in water in the body. Radiofrequency fields are used to systematically alter the alignment of this magnetization, causing the hydrogen nuclei to produce a rotating magnetic field detectable by the scanner. This signal can be manipulated by additional magnetic fields to build up enough information to construct an image of the body.

113. Which one is MRI? CT?

114. Look for the signs….

115. What are the differences between MRI and CT?
Uses magnets and radiowaves
Cannot be used on patients who have metal in their body
Slow
Uses ionizing radiation
Can be used on any patient
Fast

116. Which is better?

117. What are the similarities between CT and MRI?

118. Nuclear Medicine

119. Primary or Post primary certification
Nuclear Medicine
Uses radioactive isotopes to produce images
Radiation comes from within the patient
Primary or Post primary certification

121. PET scan

122. Mammography

123. Mammography
Breast imaging using ionized radiation

124. Radiation Therapy
Medical dosimetrists are involved in treatment planning and dose calculations
1-4 year program

127. Radiation therapy

128. Primary certification
Radiation Therapy
Involved the treatment of diseases
Use high level of ionized radiation (megavolt) to kill cancerous cells
Primary certification

130. Additional Opportunities
Education
Administration
Management (QM)
Commercial
Radiologist Assistant = RA
Sales
Application specialist

131. Radiologist Assistant (RA)
Still not widely accepted
Must have a primary certification in radiography
Must meet clinical requirements

132. TRAVELING TECHNOLOGIST = SEE THE WORLD AND GET $$$

133. Other working opportunities…
Registry (local)
Registry (out of state)
X rays taken around the world !!

134. Variety of Work Settings
physicians offices,
clinical outpatient facilities,
free standing imaging centers,
mobile imaging centers
portable services to rehabs
Mammo’s to under privileged areas
Urgent care

135. RA Radiology Assistant (Like PA) LLU PART OF RADIOLOGIST GROUP
Still not widely accepted

136. Diagnostic Imaging Modalities
Questions ?
Diagnostic Imaging Modalities