2. MEL713 – DESIGN OF I.C. ENGINES: COMPONENTS & SUB-SYSTEMS P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department Despite the green hype, internal-combustion engines will keep powering vehicles for the foreseeable future. Waiting for A Major Break Through after a century of Evolutionary Changes !!!

3. World transport energy use by mode, 1971-2009

4. Road fuel use and CO 2 by vehicle type

5. Light Vehicle Sales in Two Decades

6. The Great Power Train Race

7. Why I.C. Engines in 21 st Century? Electric vehicles (EVs)  Batteries are heavy ≈ 120/kg of gasoline equivalent  Fuel cells better, but still nowhere near gasoline export  "Zero emissions" myth - EVs export pollution  Environmental cost of battery materials

8. The Concept of Green Car In any case, all-electric cars are green only if the electricity to recharge them is generated in low-carbon ways. In nuclear-powered France the electricity to drive a battery car one kilometre causes carbon-dioxide emissions of just 8g. Yet in China and India, which generate much of their electricity from coal, those emissions are over 120g. It would be greener to drive a new petrol/Diesel-engined car instead. Solar Car

9. The Scope for Innovation  All sorts of industries are pumping money into making batteries more efficient and cheaper, but there are no breakthroughs round the corner  Conventionally fuelled cars have been getting more efficient for decades.  A study by Michael Sivak of the University of Michigan found that between 1970 and 2010 the average fuel economy of America’s car fleet improved by 66%.  Now money is being poured into making it even better  A recent survey by KPMG found that in big emerging markets especially, the motor industry was switching its research funds back to the internal-combustion engine.

10. Future of Car Engines  Car engines are continuing to shrink, but are now being fitted with things like turbochargers and fuel-injection systems that used to be available only on more expensive models.  This means they cost more to make but achieve better mileage without loss of performance.  Other fuel-saving gadgets include “start-stop”, in which the engine cuts out during idling, and various means of storing the energy released by braking.