1. Climate: Global Thermostat Life in the Ocean! Geosc040, Lecture 12 Feb 20, 2014 THON 2013 linedance FTK! Have You ever seen the rain? Creedence clearwater revival Thanks to Chazz F. Thanks to Chazz F. Camping Next To Water Badly Drawn Boy Thanks to Margaret I. Thanks to Margaret I.

2. Circa 2002 Read Chapters 7, 16 and 12 Homework 2 due Feb 25 THON!

3. Climate: Global Thermostat Life in the Ocean!

4. The meridional overturning circulation (MOC) is a global system of surface, intermediate, and deep ocean currents. The MOC connects the surface layer of the ocean and the atmosphere with the huge reservoir of the deep sea and is the primary mechanism for transporting heat, freshwater, and carbon between ocean basins. Climate models show that past changes in the strength of the MOC were linked to historical climate variations. Further research suggests that the MOC will continue to modulate climate change scenarios on time scales ranging from decades to centuries …

5. Climate: Global Thermostat Life in the Ocean!

6. Life and Productivity in the World Ocean. Where to things live and why…

7. Nearly 98% of global fish production occurs: a) in pelagic zones of the open ocean b) in polar regions of deep water c) in shelf and coastal upwelling regions d) in mid-gyre regions

8. Life in the Ocean There’s No Such Thing as a Free Lunch! Fig. 12.9 Zones, where do things live.. Classification by light vs. location Nearshore vs. Open Ocean What Resources for the Biota? What provides the basis for “food chains” in the marine realm? (answer: photosynthesis!!)

9. Marine Plankton He’s about to call us Phytoplankton…. And say that we are photosynthetic ALGAE

10. Marine Photosynthesis Global patterns of photosynthetic organic carbon production Satellite data summary: Coastal Zone Color Scanner provides data for global maps of ocean Photosynthesis (CZCS senses color bands for chlorophyll) Areas of highest carbon production in orange and red, lowest in purple.

11. Marine Phytoplankton Productivity

12. During Class, For example today in 100 Thomas, How many things can you do at once? A.listen to the lecture, think of questions, focus nearly exclusively on Geosc040 B.Keep track of the lecture while texting/email C.Texting, Lecture, email D.Facebook, Homework, Prep for another class, Geosc040, lecture Multitasking More distracted Less distracted

13. Multitasking Quiz 1 725 scores 25 questions 4 points for Multiple Choice 2 points for T/F Mean= 83.4 Median= 84.9 Std. = 12.1

14. Multitasking

15. During Class, For example today in 100 Thomas, How many things can you do at once? A.listen to the lecture, think of questions, focus nearly exclusively on Geosc040 B.Keep track of the lecture while texting/email C.Texting, Lecture, email D.Facebook, Homework, Prep for another class, Geosc040, lecture B B-

16. Marine Plankton Passively floating organisms “Phytoplankton” are photosynthetic algae (microscopic plants) Light microscope photo of Plankton net tow sample (you will look at these in lab) Diatoms are about 100 µm across Sample contains both animals and plants (zooplankton and phytoplankton) diatoms

17. Marine Plankton 1.Phytoplankton dwell in the photic zone in all parts of the ocean 2.The organic matter they produce is the source of energy for nearly all other ocean life Light microscope photo of Plankton net tow sample (you will look at these in lab) Diatoms are about 100 µm across Sample contains both animals and plants (zooplankton and phytoplankton) diatoms

18. Marine Phytoplankton Productivity Global map of organic carbon produced by marine phytoplankton photosynthesis --measured in mass of kgC/m 2 per yr. Primary Productivity (kgC/m 2 )/yr)

19. Marine Phytoplankton Biomass Production is highest where most nutrients are supplied What conditions promote ample supply of nutrients? What other factors influence “primary production”?

20. The Energy Cycle Note that photosynthesis (and formation of plant organic matter) requires sunlight and nutrients Organic matter is consumed by animals and plants (respiration), supporting their growth Nutrients must be “recycled” (excreted by animals, “regenerated” by bacteria) to be reused by plants Photosynthesis Consumers nutrients Hey, did you notice that blue light penetrates deeper? duh… anybody knows that

21. Whale Feeding in the Bering and Chukchi Seas Krill and amphipods (zooplankton, benthos) A coccolithophorid bloom in April over the Bering Shelf

22. Phytoplankton are the basis for all animal life in the ocean. Note that it takes essentially 10,000 kg of phytoplankton to grow 1 kg of the “top predator” Phytoplankton are the basis for all animal life in the ocean. Note that it takes essentially 10,000 kg of phytoplankton to grow 1 kg of the “top predator” The “Trophic Pyramid”

23. Climate: Global Thermostat Life in the Ocean! Let’s do a bit of review

24. There is more dissolved CO 2 in oceanic deepwater than in surface waters because: A.Photosynthesis occurs primarily in deepwater B.Organisms that respire produce CO 2 in deep water C.Photosynthesis in surface water uses CO 2 D.(B) and (C)

25. Think about the analogy between Heat Transport in the room on the left and Heat Transport on Earth Which side of the room represents the equator? A.Left side B.Right side

26. The room above shows ONE convection cell that transports heat from left to right, with hot air moving to the right, above, and cold air moving to the left. What does that convection cell best represent, by analogy? A.The California Current B.The Hadley Cell C.The East Australian Current

27. Large scale atmospheric winds and pressure systems A.are part of the transport of heat from low to high latitudes B.are influenced by the Coriolis effect C.have a regular pattern related to rising and descending winds at certain latitudes D.all of the above E.none of the above

28. Large scale gyres such as the North Atlantic Gyre: A.Transport heat from the tropics to the poles B.Involve Western Boundary Currents and Eastern Boundary Currents C.Have a clockwise flow direction in the northern hemisphere D.All of the above

29. Mardi Gras is Tuesday March 4th!! Fat Tuesday or Shrove Tuesday, is the last day of feasting before Lent begins on Ash Wednesday. Easter is always celebrated on the Sunday immediately following the Paschal –the first full moon after the vernal equinox During the course of a year, Earth is closest to the sun A.during periods of full moon B.at no time of the year, Earth is always the same distance from the sun C.in January, not long after the Dec. solstice D.during the day time

30. The Great North Pacific Garbage Patch: A.Is caused by upwelling of cold water over the equator B.Is held together in part by the North Pacific Gyre C.Circulates in a clockwise direction D.Is not influenced by the Coriolis effect E. B and C

31. One cause of high salinity in North Atlantic Surface Water is: A.High pressure and clear skies around 30° N B.Strong geostrophic flow, which keeps water in the N. Atlantic Gyre C.Evaporation D.All of the above

32. Salinity of ocean surface water is: A.influenced by evaporation B.the same throughout the world ocean C.Nomally higher than salinity of deep water D.(A) and (B)

33. The Coriolis Effect L H Northern Hemisphere Wind blowing toward this low pressure system will: A.Follow the path of the yellow arrow B.Follow the path of the red arrow C.Follow the path of the white arrow D.Start along the yellow path but then change to the red path

34. The arrows shows wind directions from high to low pressure L H H H H The sketch is drawn for: A.The southern hemisphere B.The northern hemisphere C.Right over the equator D.None of the above

35. The arrows shows wind directions from high to low pressure L H H H H The sketch is drawn for: A.The southern hemisphere B.The northern hemisphere C.Right over the equator D.None of the above

36. The arrows shows wind directions from high to low pressure L H H H H The sketch is drawn for: A.The southern hemisphere B.The northern hemisphere C.Right over the equator D.None of the above

37. The arrows shows wind directions from high to low pressure L H H H H The sketch is drawn for: A.The southern hemisphere B.The northern hemisphere C.Right over the equator D.None of the above

38. The central interior of gyres a) often have lower water levels than surrounding regions b) are called the halocline c) are smaller in the southern hemisphere due to the Coriolis effect d) are where eastern boundary currents are strongest e) none of the above