1. Help Memorizing Amino Acids General rule, side chains have a maximum of four C atoms, with other structures attached onto up to 4 carbon atoms.

2. Protein Structure & Function CCOHOH O N HH H CH 2 OH + – H 2 O CC O N HH H H CCOHOH O N HH CH 3 CC O N HH H H CC O N HH CCOHOH O N HH CH 2 OH a tripeptide

3. Protein Structure & Function CC O N HH H R1R1 CC O N HH R2R2 CCOHOH O N HH R3R3 polypeptide protein Linear sequence  3D shape  Function

4. Four Levels of Protein Structure Primary (1°) structure: Linear sequence of amino acids Secondary (2°) structure: Spatial arrangement of AAs nearby in the sequence Tertiary (3°) structure: Spatial arrangement of AAs far apart in the sequence Quaternary (4°) structure: Spatial arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains (referred to as “subunits”)

5. Type FunctionExample EnzymesCatalysts Amylase – CH digestion HormonesRegulation Insulin – glucose  E StorageBioreserve Myoglobin – O 2 in muscles Transport substances Serum albumin – Carries fatty acids StructuralProvide shape Collagen – tendons, cartilage ProtectiveBody’s defense Immunoglobulin – destroys Invaders, e.g. bacteria ContractileWork/motion Myosin/actin – muscle movement

6. Amino Acids – The 20 Gly. and Ala. On your own, just memorize CCOHOH O N HH H H CCOHOH O N HH H CH 3 CCOHOH O N HH H CHCH 3 CH 3 CCOHOH O N HH H CH2CH 2 CH 3 CH 3 Nonpolar Glycine, G Alanine, A Valine, V Makes a letter V Turned sideways Leucine, L Make a reflected letter L

7. CCOHOH O N HH H CH 2 CHCH 3 CH 3 CCOHOH O N HH H CH 2 CH 2 SCH 3 CCOHOH O N HH H H2CH2C CH 2 Nonpolar Isoleucine, I Is the isomer of Leucine, different attachment Methionine, M Thio is sulfur so methyl thionine Proline, P Looks like letter P on its side, Use your imagination CH 3 Eliminate this CH 3 -

8. CCOHOH O N HH H CH 2 CCOHOH O N HH H N H Nonpolar Phenylalanine, F phenyl- Is used when benzene is attached to Ala. Tryptophan, W Can make a W outline out of cyclical rings (already used “P” for Proline)(Three “T”s)

9. CCOHOH O N HH H CH 2 OH CCOHOH O N HH H CH 2 SH CCOHOH O N HH H CHCH 3 OHOH CCOHOH O N HH H CH 2 OHOH Polar Serine, S An alcohol Cysteine, C A thio- or sulfur alcohol Threonine, T Letter T on side Tyrosine, Y (The third “T”) Tire, Its round? The road! OH!!

10. CCOHOH O N HH H CH 2 CNH 2 O CCOHOH O N HH H CH 2 CH 2 CNH 2 O CCOHOH O N HH H CH 2 COH O CCOHOH O N HH H CH 2 CH 2 COH O Polar Acidic all have 3 C ‘s note parallel # C’s from above Asparagine, N 2 C’s A before G In alphabet Glutamine, Q 3 C’s G after A In alphabet so more C’s “Aspartate” D “Glutamate”, E

11. CCOHOH O N HH H CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 CCOHOH O N HH HCCOHOH O N HH H CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NHCNH 2 NH2NH2 CH 2 N H N Basic have 4 C’s or a cyclic str., all have N atom Lysine, K Arginine, R Histidine, H +

12. Just the “R-Groups” HCH 3 CHCH 3 CH 3 CHCH 2 CH 3 CH 3 CH 2 CHCH 3 CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 SCH 3 H2CH2CCH 2 N H Nonpolar G AV IL PM FW Primarily Alkanes and Aromatics

13. CH 2 OHCH 2 SHCHCH 3 OHOH CH 2 OHOH CH 2 CNH 2 O CH 2 CH 2 CNH 2 O Polar SCTY N Q Alcohols and Amides

14. CH 2 COH O CH 2 CH 2 COH O CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NHCNH 2 NH2NH2 CH 2 N H N Acidic Basic DE K R H Carboxylic Acids Amines +

15. “Stick Figures” HCH 3 CHCH 3 CH 3 CHCH 2 CH 3 CH 3 CH 2 CHCH 3 CH 3 H

16. CH 2 CH 2 SCH 3 H2CH2CCH 2 N H S N H

17. CH 2 OHCH 2 SHCH 2 CHCH 3 OHOH CH 2 OHOH OHOHSHSH OHOH OHOH

18. CH 2 CNH 2 O CH 2 CH 2 CNH 2 O NH2NH2 O NH2NH2 O CH 2 COH O CH 2 CH 2 COH O OHOH O OHOH O

19. CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NHCNH 2 NHNH CH 2 N H N NH2NH2 NH2NH2 NH2NH2 N H N H N +

20. G A V I L P M F W Glycine Alanine Valine Isoleucine Leucine Proline Methionine Phenylalanine Tryptophan Gly Ala Val Ile Leu Pro Met Phe Trp S C T Y N Q D E K Serine Cysteine Threonine Tyrosine Asparagine Glutamine Aspartate Glutamate Lysine Ser Cys Thr TyrTyr Asn Gln Asp Glu Lys R H Arginine Histidine ArgArg His 1-L abbrev. AA Name 3-L abbrev. 1-L abbrev. AA Name 3-L abbrev.

21. GAVIL-PM (fake cold medicine) is For Winners! You’ll find it South of the CiTY in the North Quadrant Need help? Just ask Chief DElaware or KRazy Horse nonpolarpolar acid base

22. HCH 3 S N H OHOHSHSH OHOH OHOH NH2NH2 O NH2NH2 O OHOH O OHOH O NH2NH2 NH2NH2 NHNH N H N H N GAVIL PFW M S TYC NQ D E K R H

23. CCOHOH O N HH H OHOH O OHOH N H N Practice Naming CCOHOH O N HH HCCOHOH O N HH HCCOHOH O N HH H Leucine, L Glutamate, E Tyrosine, Y Histidine, H

24. CCOHOH O N HH H N H CCOHOH O N HH H NH2NH2 O CCOHOH O N HH H S CCOHOH O N HH H NH2NH2 NHNH N H Practice Naming Arginine, R Methionine, M Asparagine, N Tryptophan, W