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Botany Handbook for Florida
Master Gardener Training Instructor: Ann McMullian Indian River State College
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Plant Names Nomenclature
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Plant nomenclature (use of scientific names) Common name vs
Plant nomenclature (use of scientific names) Common name vs. Scientific name (botanical name)
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Common names are more widely used because they are easier to pronounce and remember. Common names only have value if both persons know exactly which plant is being discussed. This only happens when people are from the same area or community.
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Hortus third list 27 plants named “Jasmine”
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To prevent confusion it is recommended to use both the scientific and common name.
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Each plant has a scientific name
Each plant has a scientific name. Example: Magnolia grandiflora The two-word (binomial) scientific name is made up off: Genus + specific epithet = Species
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Magnolia grandiflora ↑ The specific epithet describes a characteristic of the plant. The scientific name is italicized or underlined. The Genus is capitalized. The specific epithet is not capitalized.
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Examples of species: Citrus sinensis
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Examples of species: Magnolia grandiflora
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Examples of species: Tulbagia violacia
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The Plant World (Plant Classification)
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Classification Plant Kingdom
Lichens and mosses (no leaves, roots, etc) Ferns (no flower with seeds, spores instead) Seed producing plants Gymnospermae (Gymnosperm) Angiospermae (Angiosperm)
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Plant Kingdom Non-vascular (Bryophytes) Vascular
Spore bearing (Pteridophyta) Seed bearing (Spermatophyta or Spermopsida) Gymnosperm (Cone bearing, naked seed) Examples: pines, podocarpus, ginkgo, cycads Angiosperm (Non-cone bearing, covered seed) Monocotyledon (grasses, grains, palms, lilies, onions) Dicotyledon
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Gymnosperm Slash Pine
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Gymnosperm King Sago
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Gymnosperm Juniper
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Gymnosperm- Podocarpus
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Gymnosperm ( Zamia family)
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Angiosperm Flowering Plants Seed protected by Fruit
Two main groups (divisions): Monocotyledoneae (Monocots) Dicotyledoneae (Dicots)
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Monocots vs Dicots
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ROOTS SYSTEMS
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Root Functions: anchor plant support the stem
absorb and conduct water and minerals store food
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Two types of roots: - fibrous roots, highly branched, slender
- tap roots, main enlarged root.
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Water and Nutrient Uptake
Water and nutrient uptake is done by millions of thin walled root hairs.
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Nutrient uptake Secondary roots Primary root
Nutrient and water up take: Root hairs –> secondary root –> primary root –> stems and leaves.
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Some different type or roots:
Adventitious roots Fleshy roots Aerial roots Knees ( pneumatophores)
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Adventitious Roots: Roots that do no originate off the primary root
Prop roots
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Fleshy roots – food reserve
Beets Turnip Carrot
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Aerial Roots Banyan Tree
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Aerial roots Some aerial roots are fleshy and store water
Philodendron
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Aerial roots on orchids
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Knees or Pneumatophores
Mangrove Knees or pneumatophores enable plants to obtain air in swampy conditions Bald Cypress
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Stems Functions and Modifications
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Stems have nodes and buds
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Stem Types Crowns – short inconspicuous Simple – without branches
Branched Climbing Creeping Rhizomes Stolons
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Crowns Short inconspicuous stem
Gerbera daisy Dandelion
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Simple Stem Stem without branches
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Food Storage in stems Asparagus Celery
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Many herbaceous perennials have some type of modified stems.
Examples of modified stems: Rhizomes Stolons Tubers Corms Bulbs
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Rhizomes – the main stem of a plant, horizontal, underground.
Ginger
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Tubers are modified stems that develop on under ground stems
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Corms are short, thickened, underground stems.
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Gladiola Corms
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Bulbs are short, thickened, underground stem with thick storage leaves making up the bulk.
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Stolons or runners
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Leaf and Stem Arrangement
A stem has nodes and internodes. Nodes are where leaves or buds are attached.
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Leaf arrangement: alternate opposite whorled
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What leaf arrangement is pictured here?
Alternate
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Leaf Anatomy Leaf is composed of: leaf blade petiole
stipules (in some cases)
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Stipules
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Stipules
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Name the parts Blade 1 Vein Petiole 2 ↓4 ↑ 3 Stipules
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Leaf Veins Veins are extensions of the vascular system.
Venation types: parallel (mostly found in monocots) pinnate palmate
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Leaf types: Simple compound palmate odd pinnate even pinnate
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Simple Leaf
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Compound Leaves
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Pinnately Compound Leaves
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Plant identification requires the use of specialized term to describe the leaf tip, base, margin, shape, and surface.
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Leaf Tips
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Leaf Bases
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Leaf Shapes
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Leaf Surfaces
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Modified/Specialized Leaves
Bracts are modified leaves that may function as part of the flower.
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Modified/Specialized Leaves
Tendril Spines
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Parts of a typical flower:
sepals that form the calyx petals that form the corolla stamens, male organ, with anther and filament pistil, female organ, with stigma, style and ovary receptacle peduncle (pedicels)
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Pollination and Fertilization
To produce seed pollination followed by fertilization must take place. Self pollinating flowers are self-fertile Cross-pollinating flowers need pollen from other plants.
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↓ ● ● ● ● Pollination
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Pollination in action.
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Flowers with no pistil are male flowers
Flowers with no pistil are male flowers. (staminate flowers) Flowers with no stamens are female flowers. (pistilate flowers)
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Terms based on flowering characteristics:
Monoecious Dioecious Polygamous
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Dioecious plants: plants with only male or female flowers
Dioecious plants: plants with only male or female flowers. These plants need two plants for fertilization.
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Dioecious plants Date Palm Left: Female bearing fruit
Top: Male staminate flowers producing pollen
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Monoecious plants: plants with both male and female flowers on one plant. Only one plant needed for fertilization.
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Monoecious plant – Pine Tree
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Monoecious Plant Pine Tree
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Polygamous – plants that bear staminate, pistillate, and bisexual flowers. Example: Acer rubrum
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Inflorescences
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Single (Solitaire) Inflorescence
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Racemose Inflorencense
Raceme Panicle Spike Spathe & Spadix Catkin Corymb Umbel Head See diagram
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Umbel
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Panicle
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Spike
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Cymose Inflorescence Cyme Fascicle
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Cyme – apple blossom
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Flower Forms and Parts What is a Complete Flower?
What is a Perfect Flower? What is an Apetalous flower? What is an Asepalous flower?
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Complete Flowers have 4 major parts.
↓Pistil ← Stamen ← Petals ← Sepals
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Let’s Review: Name the 4 major parts.
Pistil ↓ 1 2 Stamens Petals 3 4 Sepals
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What is a Perfect Flower?
A flower with at least the male (stamen) and female (pistil) structures.
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Perfect flower Stamen Pistil
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Is this a perfect flower? Is it complete?
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Apetalous flower – no petals
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Asepalous flower – without sepals
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Flower forms Gamopetalous – united petals Gamosepalous – united sepals
Funnel form Rotate Urn-shaped Salver-form Gamosepalous – united sepals Polypetalous – separate petals Polysepalous – separate sepals
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Gamopetalous
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Gamosepalous United sepals
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Fruit and Seeds
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Helpful tool in identification of plants.
Fruit and Seeds Helpful tool in identification of plants.
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Fruit is the mature ovary of a flower, contains the seed/or seeds
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Fruit types: Fleshy Dry Fruits Dehiscent Indehiscent
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Examples for Fleshy fruits:
Drupe Berry Pome Aggregate Fruit
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Drupe Peach Coconut
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Examples of Dry Fruits. Acheme Samara Nut Capsule Legume Follicle
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Leaves manufacture food for the plant
Leaves manufacture food for the plant. Photosynthesis is the food manufacturing process. Photosynthesis: Carbon dioxide + water + light energy sucrose + Oxygen CO H2O + light C H2O + O2
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Carbon dioxide + water + light energy. sucrose. + O2 6CO2. + 6H2O
Carbon dioxide + water + light energy sucrose + O2 6CO H2O + light C6H12O6 + 6O2 Sucrose is the energy source used by most plants.
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Chloroplasts collect the light needed for photosynthesis
Chloroplasts collect the light needed for photosynthesis. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll. (See next slide)
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Respiration is the burning of food (sugar) to release energy
Respiration is the burning of food (sugar) to release energy. (opposite of photosynthesis) Respiration: sucrose + O2 Carbon dioxide + water + light energy
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Transpiration – loss of water though stomata in the leaf
Transpiration – loss of water though stomata in the leaf. Stomata open and close by guard cells. See next slide.
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Transpiration
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Environmental factors that affect Plant Growth
Light Temperature Water.
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The End
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