1. Biomass to Energy:Present Commercial Strategies and Future Options Healthy Landscapes, Thriving Communities: Bioenergy and Wood Products Conference January 21, 2003 John Scahill National Bioenergy Center

2. Thinning Residues Wood chips Urban Wood waste pallets crate discards wood yard trimmings Corn stover Rice hulls Sugarcane bagasse Animal biosolids Hybrid poplar SwitchgrassWillow Forest Wood ResiduesAgricultural ResiduesEnergy Crops Biomass Feedstocks

3. Lignin: 15-25% Complex aromatic structure Very high energy content Cellulose: 38-50% Polymer of glucose, very good biochemical feedstock Biomass Constituents Hemicellulose: 23-32% Polymer of 5 & 6 carbon sugar Solid Gas or Liquid

4. Biomass Conversion Pathways ThermalBiologicalPhysical CombustionGasificationPyrolysis HeatFuel Gases (CO + H 2 ) Liquids Pretreatment Fermentation Ethanol Hydrolysis (Heat & Pressure) Liquids No Air Partial airExcess air A/D CH 4 H2H2

5. Source: Cogeneration and On-site Power Production July 2003 Jeremy Hugues

6. Commercial Viability Issues for Biomass CHP Technologies Difficult to exploit economies of scale (< 20 MW) Fuel costs are major cost driver (add $.01kW/$10 BDT) * Water requirements –Combustion steam turbine (high) –Gasification gas turbine (low) * Source: TSS Consultants

7. Biomass Power Current Commercial Technology Almost all systems are combustion / steam turbine Most are grate stokers but FBC increasingly used 1-110 MW (avg. 20 MW) Installed cost $980-$2500 kW ($1700- $2500 typical) Itasca Power 20 MW Plant Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia

8. Combustion for Heat Can be cost effective if loads > 1MMBtu/hr –District heating a plus Need wood fuel cost < $20/ton Heat and power applications > 10 MMBtu/hr Generally easy to permit at small scale –No demolition or treated wood

9. Combustion Systems Wood heated greenhouseAutomated bin feeding system Source: Tim Maker – Biomass Energy Resource Center

10. Wood Heating in Vermont 20 public and 3 private schools heat with wood chips Average cost $28.80/ton Use ~ 8000 tons/yr $220,000 savings over fuel oil Source: Vermont Superintendents Association, 2000-2001 season

11. Small Scale (100 kWe) Biomass CHP Economics Source: McNeil Technologies June 2003

12. Technical Issues Combustion Conversion efficiency - 20-25% to power Mineral management Emissions NOx, CO, particulate Mature technology

13. Gasification More efficient than combustion, 30%- 40% Effectively manages mineral matter Fuel gas (CO + H 2 + CH 4 ) can be used in prime movers Installed Cost $1800 - $2000 / kW

14. Gasification Air (0.3) O 2 (0.3) Steam Heat Producer Gas (mol%) CO24 H 2 13 CH 4 3 CO 2 8 N 2 52 (tars & particulate) Synthesis Gas (mol%) CO39 H 2 20 CH 4 17 C 2 H 2 6 CO 2 18 N 2 0 (tars & particulate) Fuel Gases

15. Gasification Thermochemical Reactions C + CO 2 2 CO ( Boudouard) C + H 2 O CO + H 2 (Water gas shift) Biomass = CH 1.4 O 0.6 800° - 850° C

16. Gasifier Types 1.Updraft 2.Downdraft 3.Fluidized Bed –Bubbling –Circulating Flow 4.Entrained Flow Design Basis: Fuel Properties, End Use, Scale, Cost

17. Updraft Gasifier Simple, reliable Commercial history High tars Close coupled combustion Source: Renewable Energy Corp. Ltd (Waterwide Technology) Air Gas, Tar, Water Biomass Pyrolysis Reduction Combustion C + CO2 = 2CO C + H2O = CO + H2 C + O2 = CO2 4H + O2 = 2 H2O

18. Downdraft Gasifier Requires low moisture (<20%) Lowest Tar Can use gas in engines (after conditioning) Air Biomass Gas, Tar, Water Pyrolysis Combustion Reduction Ash C + O2 = CO2 4H + O2 = 2H2O C + CO2 = 2CO C + H2O = CO + H2

19. Fluidized Bed Gasifier Highest throughput Fuel flexible Tolerates moisture Complex operation Ash Product Gas Freeboard Fluid Bed Biomass Air/SteamPlenum

20. Gasification Technical Issues Gas Conditioning –Tars –Particulates (< 2 micron in size) –Acid gases ( H 2 S, NH 3, HCN, HCl)

21. Technology Performance Power Generation Technologies

22. Source: Biopower Technical Assessment: State of the Industry and Technology, March 2003

23. Biomass CHP Technology Risk Commercial Demonstration Prototype Stoker grate combustion FB Combustion Updraft Gasification FB Gasification Downdraft Gasification Small Modular Systems Synthesis Gas Production (entrained and FB) (small) Low installed cost Low Efficiency Low Risk Low installed cost Low Efficiency Low Risk High installed cost High Efficiency High Risk High installed cost High Efficiency High Risk

24. Requirements for Commercial Viability Sustainable fuel supply (long term contract) Fuel costs $10- $20/ BDT Capital costs $1000 - $1500 / kW Power purchase agreement $.10 - $.20/ kWhr Identify niche market for CHP Site Specific Source: TSS Consultants & McNeil Technologies

25. MeOH BIOMASS Cofiring/Reburn Combined Cycle Cat: Ni/Mg Cat: Mixed Bases Na, Ca CaCN Cat: Cu-ZnO Cat: Zeolite HYDROGEN ETHANOL, MIXED ALCOHOLS METHANOL, DME OLEFINS FTL LPG NAPHTHA KEROSINE/DIESEL LUBES WAXES GASOLINE OXOCHEMICALS e.g., KETONES AMMONIA SNG CHP SYNGAS FEED PREP GASIFICATION CLEANUP Cat = Catalytic Conversion Process Cat: Ni, Fe, Cu-Zn Cat: Ni Cat: Cu-Zn, Cu-Co Cat: Cu-ZnO Cat: H3PO4, Cr2O3 Cat: Fe Cat: Co/K UPGRADING SYNTHESIS GAS OPTIONS

26. Gas Cleanup Requirements For Fischer-Tropsch gas-to-liquids ImpurityRemoval level H2S, NH3, HCN< 1 ppmv HCl< 10 ppbv Soot, dust, ashEssentially completely TarsBelow dew point < 1 ppmv Source: H. Boerrigter et al, October 2002

27. Historical Natural Gas Costs

28. Air curtain burner Making Biomass Disappear 400 tons / day $0.00 Productivity