1. Clean Cities / 1 COALITION NAME Natural Gas Vehicles Overview Presenter Title E-mail Date

2. Clean Cities / 2 Agenda  Natural Gas Basics  Vehicles  Infrastructure  Getting Started  Additional Resources  Natural Gas Basics  Vehicles  Infrastructure  Getting Started  Additional Resources National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Image Gallery #14922 & #23854

3. Clean Cities / 3 Mixture of Hydrocarbons, Predominantly Methane (CH 4 ) Basics: What is Natural Gas? Conventional Natural Gas Extracted from domestic gas and oil wells Uses existing pipeline distribution system Renewable Natural Gas Produced from decomposing organic matter, including sewage, animal byproducts, and agricultural, industrial, and municipal solid waste Biogas already being produced is upgraded to a purity standard Images: U.S. Department of Energy, Producing Natural Gas From Shale, http://energy.gov/articles/producing-natural-gas-shale; NREL Image Gallery #06331http://energy.gov/articles/producing-natural-gas-shale

4. Clean Cities / 4 Benefits Abundant domestic resource High octane rating Nontoxic, noncorrosive, and noncarcinogenic Lower emissions Low and consistent fuel prices Proven and established Considerations Reduced driving range on dedicated vehicles Incremental vehicle or conversion costs Infrastructure availability and costs Basics: Benefits and Considerations Image: NREL Image Gallery #28003

5. Clean Cities / 5 StorageApplicationsEnergy Content Compressed Natural Gas Stored as a gas in onboard tanks under high pressure Light-, medium-, and heavy-duty vehicles 1 gasoline gallon equivalent (GGE) = 5.66 pounds (lb) or 126.67 cubic feet Liquefied Natural Gas Stored as a liquid at cold temperatures (-260°F) Stored in double- wall, vacuum- insulated pressure vessels Heavy-duty vehicles 1 GGE = 1.5 gal LNG Basics: CNG and LNG

6. Clean Cities / 6 Basics: Supply and Price Projections

7. Clean Cities / 7 Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) Vehicles: OEMs versus Conversions Aftermarket Conversions Prepped Vehicles More OEM models becoming available Aftermarket conversions provide additional options –Must meet federal and state requirements, and be installed by a qualified system retrofitter (QSR) in accordance with National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 52 Vehicles with factory-installed engine prep packages are converted by a qualified vehicle modifier (QVM) before delivery to the customer

8. Clean Cities / 8 Vehicles: Categories CategoryFuelBenefits DedicatedNatural gasBetter performance vs. bi-fuel Lower emissions Increased cargo capacity Bi-fuelNatural gas or gasoline Fueling flexibility Dual-fuelNatural gas and diesel (for ignition assistance) Typically conversions

9. Clean Cities / 9 Vehicles: How Do They Work? Adapted from Compressed Natural Gas: A Suite of Tutorials. Courtesy of Thomason & Associates, Inc. Gas Fill Valve Tanks Master Manual Shut- Off Valve High- Pressure Fuel Line Regulator Natural Gas Solenoid Valve Fuel Injection System

10. Clean Cities / 10 Vehicles: Applications Images: NREL Image Gallery #18285, #07351, #17174 Light-Duty Passenger cars and light-duty trucks in private and government fleets Personal vehicles Medium-Duty Vans and shuttles Airports and taxi fleets Heavy-Duty Refuse haulers Transit buses School buses Long-haul trucks Street sweepers Snowplows Short-haul delivery trucks

11. Clean Cities / 11 Vehicles: Where to Find Available Models?

12. Clean Cities / 12 Vehicles: CNG Tanks and Safety Images: NREL Image Gallery #18210, #00089, #03755 Helpful Resource: When properly operated and maintained, natural gas infrastructure and vehicles are unlikely to present any danger to drivers or passengers. NFPA 52, the Vehicular Gaseous Fuel Systems Code, spells out specific safety requirements for natural gas vehicles (NGVs) and their fueling facilities. Helpful Resource: When properly operated and maintained, natural gas infrastructure and vehicles are unlikely to present any danger to drivers or passengers. NFPA 52, the Vehicular Gaseous Fuel Systems Code, spells out specific safety requirements for natural gas vehicles (NGVs) and their fueling facilities.

13. Clean Cities / 13 Case Study #1: Kansas City Public Schools Invests in CNG Buses Just the Numbers CNG School Buses: 50 Fuel Cost Savings: $20,000 to $30,000 per month Petroleum Displacement: 15,000 gallons of diesel fuel per month “Our primary motivation for doing this was fuel costs. They're high, and getting higher, and we're facing budget cuts. Also, CNG is a clean fuel and benefits the environment.” —George Taylor, Director of Transportation Replaced 47 of its 120 buses with a transit-style bus with a CNG engine; also converted three Type A buses to CNG $3.6 million in grant funding for the buses, a fueling station, a mobile refueler, and maintenance facility modifications Image and More Information: AFDC Case Study Search, Kansas City Kansas Public Schools Invests in CNG Buses, http://www.afdc.energy.gov/case/1016http://www.afdc.energy.gov/case/1016

14. Clean Cities / 14 Case Study #2: Groot Industries Shows Natural Gas Refuse Truck Benefits Just the Numbers CNG Refuse Trucks: 20 Fuel Cost Savings: 40% Simple Payback: 3 to 6.2 years (depending on fuel, vehicle, and infrastructure cost) Independent solid waste management company serves 250,000 customers Committed to natural gas due to emissions and noise benefits Purchased refuse trucks with the Cummins ISL-G CNG engine Funded by American Recovery and Reinvestment Act and the State of Illinois Image and More Information: Argonne National Laboratory, Case Study – Compressed Natural Gas Refuse Fleets, http://www.afdc.energy.gov/uploads/publication/casestudy_cng_refuse_feb2014.pdf

15. Clean Cities / 15 Case Study #3: LNG Allows for Cleaner Refuse Collection in Sacramento Just the Numbers LNG Refuse Haulers: 113 LNG Fuel Use: 1 million gallons per year GHG Reductions: 1,900 tons per year (11%) “It has never been easier to migrate to NGVs. The network of natural gas fueling stations and the natural gas engine offerings are currently experiencing tremendous growth.” ─Keith Leech, Fleet Manager Replaced 113 side- and rear-loader refuse haulers with LNG Partners: Sacramento Clean Cities, local air district, local fleets, and vehicle and engine manufacturers Reductions in life cycle GHG emissions, maintenance costs, and noise Image and More Information: AFDC Case Study Search, LNG Allows for Cleaner Refuse Collection in Sacramento, http://www.afdc.energy.gov/case/1424http://www.afdc.energy.gov/case/1424

16. Clean Cities / 16 Infrastructure: Natural Gas Station Availability CNG and LNG Station Growth Over Time CNGLNG Source: AFDC Station Locator, May 2014; includes public and private stations

17. Clean Cities / 17 Existing, Offsite, Public Access Operated by retailer, utility, or other fleet Fleet may be an anchor fleet or part of a pool of multiple fleets New, Onsite, Private Access Exclusive use by your fleet Fast-fill and/or time-fill New, Onsite, Public Access Built outside of restricted areas Benefit from economy of scale Promotes public use of NGVs Must have fast-fill capabilities for public use Infrastructure: Types Helpful Resource: The VICE 2.0 : Vehicles and Infrastructure Cash-Flow Evaluation Model allows fleet managers to assess the financial soundness of converting their vehicles to run on CNG, including the cost of building a new station. Helpful Resource: The VICE 2.0 : Vehicles and Infrastructure Cash-Flow Evaluation Model allows fleet managers to assess the financial soundness of converting their vehicles to run on CNG, including the cost of building a new station. Image: NREL Image Gallery #28496

18. Clean Cities / 18 Infrastructure: Station Ownership and Operation Station Ownership FleetIndependent Provider Station Operation Fleet Fleet owns and operates station Fleet works with vendors on station development Independent Provider Fleet owns the station, but relies on experienced operator Reduces fleet risk Usually a 5-7 year contract Outside development, ownership, and operation Fleet provides demand threshold Long-term price agreement Public access possible

19. Clean Cities / 19 Infrastructure: CNG Fueling Good for centrally based fleets with consistent schedules CNG is dispensed slowly, often overnight Lower cost investment Good for centrally based fleets with consistent schedules CNG is dispensed slowly, often overnight Lower cost investment Fueling takes place in minutes Necessary for public-access stations Good for vehicles with little downtime Fueling takes place in minutes Necessary for public-access stations Good for vehicles with little downtime Images and More Information: AFDC CNG Fueling Stations, http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/natural_gas_cng_stations.htmlhttp://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/natural_gas_cng_stations.html Helpful Resource: AFDC interactive fueling animation: http://www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/cng_tank_animation.html Helpful Resource: AFDC interactive fueling animation: http://www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/cng_tank_animation.html

20. Clean Cities / 20 Containerized: Turnkey solution with standard storage tank, dispensing, metering, and containment equipment Customized: Larger storage tanks, multiple dispensers, other customization Mobile: Tanker truck with metering and dispensing equipment L/CNG stations: Convert LNG to CNG on site and allow for CNG or LNG fueling Infrastructure: LNG Fueling Images and More Information: AFDC Natural Gas Fueling Infrastructure Development, http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/natural_gas_infrastructure.htmlhttp://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/natural_gas_infrastructure.html

21. Clean Cities / 21 Case Study #4: Smith Dairy Deploys Natural Gas Fueling Infrastructure Just the Numbers Fuel Dispensed: 13,000 GGE per month Fleet Customers: 15 Estimated Emissions Reduction: 64 short tons of GHGs (Smith Dairy fleet alone) “I have never been involved in something in the dairy or trucking business that has created so much excitement and energy. It is a game changer for us.” ─Chuck Diehl, Fleet Maintenance Manager Owns and operates a public CNG fueling station for its NGV fleet and the greater community Engaged vehicle and infrastructure companies, local utilities, fleet managers and technicians, Clean Fuels Ohio, educational institutions, the local fire department, and the city prior to construction Image and More Information: AFDC Case Study Search, Smith Dairy Deploys NGVs and Fueling Infrastructure in the Midwest, www.afdc.energy.gov/case/1543www.afdc.energy.gov/case/1543 #00089, #03755

22. Clean Cities / 22 Other Considerations: Return on Investment Tools afdc.energy.gov/tools

23. Clean Cities / 23 Facility modifications may be necessary NFPA codes and international codes exist; local authorities determine which apply The following must be evaluated: –Ventilation system –Heating system –Lighting system –Electrical system –Mechanical system –Building envelope –Internal structure Other Considerations: Maintenance Facility Modifications Helpful Resources: Guideline for Determining Modifications Required for Adding CNG and LNG Vehicles to Existing Maintenance Facilities (CVEF) Facilities Modification for Natural Gas Vehicles (Natural Gas Vehicle Institute) Helpful Resources: Guideline for Determining Modifications Required for Adding CNG and LNG Vehicles to Existing Maintenance Facilities (CVEF) Facilities Modification for Natural Gas Vehicles (Natural Gas Vehicle Institute)

24. Clean Cities / 24 ? Based on my fleet inventory and replacement schedule, what is the vehicle replacement potential? What vehicle, equipment, and station development vendors exist? Are there fueling stations in my area? Are they public or private? Can I visit? What support can my local Clean Cities coalition provide? How many vehicles will be fueled each day? How much fuel will each vehicle need? When and how often will vehicles need to be fueled? What are the maintenance facility and fueling infrastructure site development requirements? What federal, state, and local incentives are available? Getting Started: Questions to Ask Image: NREL Image Gallery #28005 Helpful Resource: The AFDC Laws and Incentives Search provides information about available state and federal incentives for NGVs and infrastructure. Helpful Resource: The AFDC Laws and Incentives Search provides information about available state and federal incentives for NGVs and infrastructure.

25. Clean Cities / 25 Presenter Organization Website Alternative Fuels Data Center (AFDC) afdc.energy.gov Natural Gas Vehicles for America ngvamerica.org More Information

26. Clean Cities / 26 AFDC Light-Duty Vehicle Search (http://www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/search/light/)http://www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/search/light/ AFDC Heavy-Duty Vehicle and Engine Search (http://www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/search/heavy)http://www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/search/heavy AFDC Station Locator (http://www.afdc.energy.gov/locator/stations/)http://www.afdc.energy.gov/locator/stations/ AFDC Vehicle Cost Calculator (http://www.afdc.energy.gov/calc/)http://www.afdc.energy.gov/calc/ AFDC Federal and State Laws and Incentives (http://www.afdc.energy.gov/laws/)http://www.afdc.energy.gov/laws/ AFDC Natural Gas Fueling Infrastructure Development (http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/natural_gas_infrastructure.html)http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/natural_gas_infrastructure.html AFDC interactive fueling animation (http://www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/cng_tank_animation.html)http://www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/cng_tank_animation.html Clean Cities, Costs Associated with CNG Vehicle Fueling Infrastructure (http://www.afdc.energy.gov/uploads/publication/cng_infrastructure_costs.pdf)http://www.afdc.energy.gov/uploads/publication/cng_infrastructure_costs.pdf Clean Cities, Case Study – CNG Refuse Fleets (http://www.afdc.energy.gov/uploads/publication/casestudy_cng_refuse_feb2014.pdf)http://www.afdc.energy.gov/uploads/publication/casestudy_cng_refuse_feb2014.pdf NREL, VICE 2.0 (http://www.afdc.energy.gov/uploads/publication/vice2-0.pdf)http://www.afdc.energy.gov/uploads/publication/vice2-0.pdf Alternative Fuel Life-Cycle Environmental and Economic Transportation (AFLEET) Tool (https://greet.es.anl.gov/afleet)https://greet.es.anl.gov/afleet Clean Vehicle Education Foundation, Guideline for Determining Modifications Required for Adding CNG and LNG Vehicles to Existing Maintenance Facilities (http://www.cleanvehicle.org/committee/technical/PDFs/GuidelinesDocumentFinal.pdf)http://www.cleanvehicle.org/committee/technical/PDFs/GuidelinesDocumentFinal.pdf Natural Gas Vehicle Institute, Facilities Modification for Natural Gas Vehicles (http://www.ngvi.com/Documents/FacilitiesModificationforNaturalGasVehiclesPaper_000.pdf)http://www.ngvi.com/Documents/FacilitiesModificationforNaturalGasVehiclesPaper_000.pdf NFPA 52, Vehicular Gaseous Fuel Systems Code, and NFPA 30A, Code for Motor Fuel Dispensing Facilities and Repair Garages (http://www.nfpa.org/)http://www.nfpa.org/ References and Resources