1. The Trace Minerals
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2. The Trace Minerals
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3. The Trace Minerals Food sources Deficiencies Toxicities Interactions
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4. Iron Ferrous (Fe++) Reduced Ferric (Fe+++) Oxidized
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5. Iron Absorption
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6. Iron: Heme vs. Nonheme
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7. Iron Factors enhance nonheme iron absorption MFP factor Vitamin C
Citric acid from foods
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8. Iron Factors enhance nonheme iron absorption Lactic acid from foods
HCl from stomach
Sugars
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9. Iron Factors inhibit nonheme iron absorption Phytates Fibers Oxalates
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10. Iron Factors inhibit nonheme iron absorption Calcium Phosphorus EDTA
Tannic acid
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11. Iron Recycling
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12. Iron High risk for iron deficiency Women in their reproductive years
pregnant women
Infants and young children
Teenagers
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13. Iron Stages of iron deficiency Iron stores diminish
Transport iron decreases
Hemoglobin production declines
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14. Both size and color are normal in these blood cells
Blood cells in iron-deficiency anemia are small and pale because they contain less hemoglobin

15. Iron Contamination iron Iron supplements
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16. Iron: In Summary 2001 RDA Upper level for adults: 45 mg/day
Men: 8 mg/day
Women (19-50 years): 18 mg/day
Women (51+ years): 8 mg/day
Upper level for adults: 45 mg/day
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17. Iron: In Summary Chief functions in the body
Part of the protein hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the blood
Part of the protein myoglobin in muscles, which makes oxygen available for muscle contraction
Necessary for the utilization of energy as part of the cells’ metabolic machinery
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18. Iron: In Summary Significant sources
Red meats, fish, poultry, shellfish, eggs
Legumes, dried fruits
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19. Iron: In Summary Deficiency symptoms
Anemia: weakness, fatigue, headaches
Impaired work performance and cognitive function
Impaired immunity
Pale skin, nailbeds, mucous membranes, and palm creases
Concave nails
Inability to regulate body temperature
Pica
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20. Iron: In Summary Toxicity symptoms GI distress
Iron overload: infections, fatigue, joint pain, skin pigmentation, organ damage
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22. Zinc Roles Metalloenzymes Absorption Metallothionein
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23. Zinc Enteropancreatic circulation
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24. Zinc Zinc supplementation
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25. Zinc: In Summary 2001 RDA Upper level for adults: 40 mg/day
Men: 11 mg/day
Women: 8 mg/day
Upper level for adults: 40 mg/day
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26. Zinc: In Summary Chief functions in the body Part of many enzymes
Associated with the hormone insulin
Involved in making genetic material and proteins, immune reactions, transport of vitamin A, taste perception, wound healing, the making of sperm, and the normal development of the fetus
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27. Zinc Significant sources Protein-containing foods Red meats, shellfish
Whole grains
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28. Zinc Deficiency symptoms
Growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, impaired immune function, hair loss, eye and skin lesions, loss of appetite
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29. Zinc: In Summary Toxicity symptoms
Loss of appetite, impaired immunity, low HDL, copper and iron deficiencies
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31. Iodine Iodine vs. iodide Deficiency Goitrogens
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32. Iodine: In Summary 2001 RDA for adults: 150 g/day
Upper level: 1100 g/day
Chief functions in the body
A component of two thyroid hormones that help to regulate growth, development, and metabolic rate
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33. Iodine: In Summary Significant sources Deficiency disease
Iodized salt, seafood, bread, dairy products, plants grown in iodine-rich soil and animals fed those plants
Deficiency disease
Simple goiter
Cretinism
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34. Iodine: In Summary Deficiency symptoms Toxicity symptoms
Underactive thyroid gland, goiter
Mental and physical retardation in infants (cretinism)
Toxicity symptoms
Underactive thyroid gland, elevated TSH, goiter
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35. Selenium 2000 RDA for adults: 55 g/day
Upper level for adults: 400 g/day
Chief functions in the body
Defends against oxidation
Regulates thyroid hormone
Significant sources
Seafood, meat
Whole grains, vegetables (depending on soil content)
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36. Selenium Deficiency symptoms Toxicity symptoms
Predisposition to heart disease characterized by cardiac tissue becoming fibrous (Keshan disease)
Toxicity symptoms
Loss and brittleness of hair and nails
Skin rash, fatigue, irritability, and nervous system disorders
Garlic breath odor
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37. Copper 2001 RDA for adults: 900 g/day Upper level for adults:
10,000 g/day (10 mg/day)
Chief functions in the body
Necessary for absorption and use of iron in the formation of hemoglobin
Part of several enzymes
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38. Copper Significant sources Deficiency symptoms Toxicity symptoms
Seafood
Nuts, whole grains, seeds, legumes
Deficiency symptoms
Anemia, bone abnormalities
Toxicity symptoms
Liver damage
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39. Manganese 2001 AI Upper level for adults: 11 mg/day
Men: 2.3 mg/day
Women: 1.8 mg/day
Upper level for adults: 11 mg/day
Chief functions in the body
Cofactor for several enzymes
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40. Manganese Significant sources Deficiency symptoms Toxicity symptoms
Nuts, whole grains, leafy vegetables, tea
Deficiency symptoms
Rare
Toxicity symptoms
Nervous system disorders
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41. Fluoride 1997 AI Upper level for adults: 10 mg/day
Men: 3.8 mg/day
Women: 3.1 mg/day
Upper level for adults: 10 mg/day
Chief functions in the body
Involved in the formation of bones and teeth
Helps to make teeth resistant to decay
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42. U.S. Population With Fluoridated Water
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43. Fluoride Significant sources Deficiency symptoms Toxicity symptoms
Drinking water (if fluoride containing or fluoridated)
Tea, seafood
Deficiency symptoms
Susceptibility to tooth decay
Toxicity symptoms
Fluorosis (pitting and discoloration of teeth)
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44. Chromium 2001 AI Chief functions in the body Significant sources
Men: 35 g/day
Women: 25 g/day
Chief functions in the body
Enhances insulin action
Significant sources
Meats (especially liver)
Whole grains, brewer’s yeast
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45. Chromium Deficiency symptoms Toxicity symptoms Diabetes-like condition
None reported
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46. Molybdenum 2001 AI for adults: 45 g/day
Upper level for adults: 2 mg/day
Chief functions in the body
Cofactor for several enzymes
Significant sources
Legumes, cereals
Organ meats
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47. Molybdenum Deficiency symptoms Toxicity symptoms Unknown None reported
Reproductive effects in animals
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48. Other Trace Minerals Nickel Silicon Vanadium
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49. Other Trace Minerals Cobalt Boron Arsenic
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Other Trace Minerals
Cobalt
Boron
Arsenic

50. Contaminant Minerals Heavy metals Lead
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52. Phytochemicals And Functional Foods
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53. Phytochemicals And Functional Foods
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55. Phytochemicals And Functional Foods
Defending against cancer
Defending against heart disease
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56. Functional foods... from nature from manufacturers
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57. Phytochemicals And Functional Foods
Inconclusive research
Food labels
Safety
Overall healthfulness of products
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