1. Feb. 2009. Hye-Jung Lee, Ph.D. Center for Teaching & Learning Seoul National University, Korea 1Higher Education in Korea

2. South Korea at a Glance Higher Education in Korea2  Area: 99.6 K Sq. Km (107 th )  Population: 48 Million (27 th)  Economy and ICT (World rank) - OECD member economy in 1996 - Economy (11 th) - Broadband diffusion (2 nd ) - Home PC diffusion (3 rd ) - Internet use 78% - Average hours of internet use 13.7 hr/week

3. I. Overview 3 Overview I I Higher Education in Korea

4. Education in General  Socio-cultural context - Homogeneity of Korean society: prevalence of the egalitarian ideal - Confusion tradition: meritocracy, “education fever”  Formal Education - Primary(6) - Middle(3) - High School(3) – Universities/Colleges(4) - Primary & Secondary: 10,948 schools, 7.8M students, 389K teachers - Universities/Colleges: 376 institutions, 3.5M students, 60K+ FT teachers  Non-formal Education & Training - Public/private job training institutions; private tutoring institutions, adult education centers; in-plant training institutions, etc. Higher Education in Korea4

5. Budget 5  One year budget (2008) : 35.9 trillion Korean won : 5.06% of the GNP : 19.6% of total Government budget  the Biggest portion : Elementary & Secondary Education 86.2% : Higher Education 12.3%

6. Statistics 6Higher Education in Korea Public educational expenditures (% GDP)

7. School System 7

8. Types of Higher Education Institutions Higher Education in Korea8  University  Industrial University  University of Education  Junior College  Open University  Technical College  College in the Company  Cyber College & University  Miscellaneous Schools  Others Enrollment rate 70.5% (2008)

9. Types of Higher Education Institutions Higher Education in Korea9 Junior College(2 or 3 yr)  13 national/public, 139 private  817,994 students in 152 Junior colleges (2006) University(4 yr)  2,434,112 students in 221 colleges and universities (2006)  43 national/public, 178 private  6 year program : medicine, oriental medicine, dentistry Others(4 yr)  1 Broadcast & Correspondence University (300,000 enrollments each year)  18 Cyber Colleges & Universities (28,000 newly entrance each year)

10. Types of Higher Education Institutions DivisionName of institution Year of establishment Locationsince 2009 Bachelor's degree programs School corporations Kyunghee Cyber University 2001 Seoul Law of Higher Education Sejong Cyber University 2001 Seoul Daegu Cyber University 2002 Gyeongbuk Province Wonkwang Digital University 2002 Jeonbuk Province Hanyang Cyber University 2002 Seoul Busan Digital University 2002 Busan Korea Cyber University 2001 Gyeongbuk Province Gukje Digital University 2003 Gyeonggi Province Seoul Cyber University 2001 Seoul Cyber Hankuk University of Foreign Studies 2004 Seoul Korea Digital University 2001 Gyeonggi Province Asia-Pacific Digital University 2001 Seoul Youngnam Cyber University 2009 Pusan Law of Lifelong Learning Non-for- profit Foundations Seoul Digital University 2001 Seoul Open Cyber University 2001 Seoul Digital Seoul Culture Arts University 2002 Seoul Associate bachelor's degree programs School corporations World Cyber College 2001 Gyeonggi Province Yeungjin Cyber College 2002 Daegu Higher Education in Korea10 Cyber Colleges & Universities

11. Statistics Schools, Students, and Teachers 11Higher Education in Korea

12. Statistics Percentage of Female Students by Year 25 % 30 % 35 % 40 % 12Higher Education in Korea

13. Elite Mass Universal Statistics Enrollment Rate 10 % 30 % 50 % 70 % 13Higher Education in Korea

14. Statistics International Comparison: Tertiary attainment for age group 25-34 14Higher Education in Korea

15. Statistics International Comparison: Tertiary attainment for age group 55-64 15Higher Education in Korea

16. Statistics Advancement Rate: High School  Higher Education (Total) 30 % 50 % 70 % 90 % 16Higher Education in Korea

17. Statistics Advancement Rate: High School  Higher Education General High School  Higher Education Vocational High School  Higher Education 17Higher Education in Korea

18. Statistics Number of Students in Higher Education Institutions by Field of Study (2008) 18Higher Education in Korea

19. Statistics Employment Rate of the Graduates of Higher Education Institutions by Year 19Higher Education in Korea

20. Statistics Changes in Admission Rate by Year 20Higher Education in Korea

21. Statistics Degrees Awarded by Year 21Higher Education in Korea

22. Statistics Higher Education in Korea22 University Graduates by Field of Study (%) * Source : Education at a Glance (OECD Indicators, 2002) EducationHumanities & Art Social Sciences, Business, Law ServicesEngineer- ing, Manu- facturing Agri- culture Health & Welfare Physical sciencesKorea 5.221.422.32.927.42.67.13.5 U.S.A. 13.214.441.43.56.32.39.61.4 Germany 8.014.727.41.817.61.915.25.0 Hungary 20.08.738.78.49.13.78.50.7 Poland 11.56.540.03.67.31.71.91.2

23. Statistics Students Studying Abroad by Year 23Higher Education in Korea

24. Statistics The Rank of Korea’s Major Universities in International Evaluation (The Times) 24Higher Education in Korea

25. I. Overview 25 Issues and Challenges II Higher Education in Korea

26. Trajectory of Educational Expansion Higher Education in Korea26 * Trow, “Forms and Phases of Higher Education”: Elite( 55%)  Step-by-step attainment of universal education: primary → secondary → higher education 110 -10 10 30 50 70 90 197019751980199019952000200320052006 Primary Lower Secondary Upper SecondaryTertiary EliteMassUniversal

27. Mobilization of Private Resources Higher Education in Korea27 74.6 48.1 18.7 1.2 25.4 51.9 81.3 98.8 0% 20%40% 60% 80% 100% Universities/ Colleges High Schools Middle Schools Primary Schools PrivateNational/Public (Unit: %)

28. Shrinking School Pop. Amidst Ageing Higher Education in Korea28 Low Fertility Ageing Total fertility rate No. of birth Proportion, over 65 and 75 No. of the elderly

29. College Admission Dominates K-12 Education  College-Entrance-Driven System - Extreme competition at high schools to enter top 4~5 universities obstructing the well-rounded growth of students → Inordinate expansion of private education aggravating equity imbalance between different SES groups (private education costs: 1.9% of GDP in 2002) → Large volumes of study abroad leading to educational trade deficit Higher Education in Korea29

30. Increasing “Education Exodus” Higher Education in Korea30 ’97 ’99 ’01 ’03 ’04 Countries 69 71 72 73 83 # Students 133,249 120,170 149,933 159,903 187,683 ’05 86 192,254 Korean Students Studying Abroad * Foreign student share in the U.S.(2006): Korea 93,728/ India 76,708/ China 60,850 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04 ’05* Exports 10.8 16.9 14.8 15.9 10.2 Imports 1,070.0 1,426.6 1,854.7 2,493.8 3,371.4 Trade Deficit in Education (Unit : million US$)

31. Excess supply in graduate students Higher Education in Korea31 Unemployment rate (engineering) : 9.8%(’97)  16.6%(’03) 139 of 200 4-year universities offer doctoral degree Associate Bachelor Master Doctorate 53% 19% 20% 8% 44% 4% 13% 39% Korea U S

32. HE is not pertinent enough Higher Education in Korea32 Extent of dissatisfaction: CEO’s view on HE 87% Practice&field exp 75% Creativity 68% Field experience of faculty 70% instructions 72% Curriculum Federation of Korean Industries, 2002. 24.1 31.6 26.7 27.9 15.8 15.0 33.3 25.4 Jr.College University Well MatchedMatchedMismatchedBadly Mismatched Source: Office of Statistics, 2003 (%) Mismatch between jobs and majors

33. Stakeholders are disconnected Higher Education in Korea33 Limited university-industry partnership  Low mobility between academia and business  University portion of industry's R&D investment: 2.4%(’00) → 1.7% (’03) (MOST, ‘04) Low commercialization of university-based IPRs  Patent share (90~’01) : universities 0.5%, companies 78.8%, research institutes 2.9%, individuals 17.8% Un-coordinated financial support to universities  Duplication of funding for the same purpose by several line ministries

34. HE is not prepared for an aging population Higher Education in Korea34

35. I. Overview 35 Major Reform Initiatives III Higher Education in Korea

36. Major strategies Higher Education in Korea36  Minimum regulations to maintain social solidarity college admission policies with the “three-Nos” policy (no entrance exam, no use of HS ranking, no admission with donations)  Promotion of restructuring and competition through market discipline use of various incentives and disincentives  Funding based on “selection and concentration” targeted funding for specialization and regional parity  Financing learners rather than providers learner-oriented/demand-side financing (student loans)  Improvement of HE/labor market information manpower forcasting and assessment of skill requirements  Enhancement of networking and partnerships with local governments and business community

37. Major Performance-based Funding Programs  1st-phase Brain Korea 21 (‘99~‘05, US$ 1.4billion) - Enhanced university research capacity; induced competition ※ Number of BK21 science & tech SCI-level papers: 3,765(‘98)  7,947(‘05) ※ Number of BK21 science & tech SCI-level papers: 3,765(‘98)  7,947(‘05)  2nd-phase Brain Korea 21 (‘06~‘12, US$ 2.3billion) - Cultivate 20,000 graduate-level best brains per year ※ 74 universities, 244 project units, 325 project teams(06, US$ 290million)  New University for Regional Innovation (‘04~‘08, US$ 1.2billion) - Specialize local universities; skill formation for local industry ※ 109 local universities, 130 project units  “Connect Korea” Project (‘06~‘10, US$ 150million) - Strengthen partnership b/w universities and industry - Establish consortiums b/w university TLOs(Technology Licensing Offices) Higher Education in Korea37

38. Higher Education in Korea38 Cultivate high-quality research human resources by nurturing world class research universities and regional graduate schools of excellence  Goal Brain Korea 21 Project : efforts for improving the quality of higher education  Outline.

39. Higher Education in Korea39 Brain Korea 21 Project : efforts for improving the quality of higher education  Visible result : Research atmosphere

40. Higher Education in Korea40 Give a boost to regional economy by nurturing qualified human resources of regional university graduates through specialized education programs  Goal NURI Project : New University for Regional Innovation 1.2 trillion KRW is to be invested over a period of five years (2004~2008)  Outline 131 project teams, 190,000 students 109 regional universities are currently participating as of 2006

41. Governance Reform of Public & Private HEIs Higher Education in Korea41  Public/national universities : promote autonomy through incorporation Decisions making – by staff & faculty Meetings, Ministry of Ed., Congress Indirect election (based on candidate’s track record on management capacity) Direct election by faculty members (weight on faculty opinion) Incorporated NU System Governance PresidentElection Current NU System Decision-making by Board composed of persons from in and out of the university  Private universities : increase transparency through participation of external experts in the management - appointing qualified external people on the Board of Trustees

42. Facilitation of university-industry partnerships Higher Education in Korea42 “ Connect Korea” Project Establishing Consortium between TLOs (Technology Licensing Offices) in Universities Connection between Demand (Industry) and Supply (University) R&D and Tech. Development → Transfer Results/Products → Commercialization → Reinvest in Technology Development Dissemination of best practices Researchers Prospective R&D Results Purchase R&D Products Connect (TLO) Connect (TLO) Firms, Investors