1. River God

2. Now, let’s focus on River God Have you ever heard the expression ‘Still waters run deep’? It’s sometimes used to describe someone who, like a river, has a calm appearance that hides deep and dangerous undercurrents. The River God in the poem seems to represent this idea – he is the dangerous spirit of the river that lies hidden beneath its surface. The poem is a dramatic monologue: the poet uses the first person (I) but takes on the persona (role) of a character and uses the voice of this character in the poem. The poet, Stevie Smith, is taking on the persona of the River God, and using his voice to ‘speak’ the poem and reveal some of the river’s secrets.

3. River God Evocative of pagan mythology and superstition (pre-Christianity) – emphasises power. Power of nature. Lord or controller of humans Structure – varied line lengths to reflect the varied flow of the river. Look at it sideways it looks like waves. Lots of enjambment - flow First person – like a dramatic monologue – personification of river. One stanza – unity, flow

4. I may be smelly and I may be old, Rough in my pebbles, reedy in my pools, But where my fish float by I bless their swimming And I like the people to bathe in me, especially women. But I can drown the fools Who bathe too close to the weir, contrary to rules. Four adjectives with unattractive connotations Pun on the phrase ‘rough and ready’? Is a benevolent God to the rest of the natural world Vindictive, lurking, creeping tone – takes pleasure in the killing (sadistic) The river also has a sense of autonomy and certainty in its ability (and a preference for women!)to drown these women.

5. And they take a long time drowning As I throw them up now and then in the spirit of clowning. Hi yih, yippity-yap, merrily I flow, O I may be an old foul river but I have plenty of go. Eccentric and whimsical yet destructive, sadictic and spiteful Rhyme links the words in a sinister contrast – the river takes pleasure in playing with its victims

6. Once there was a lady who was too bold She bathed in me by the tall black cliff where the water runs cold, So I brought her down here To be my beautiful dear. Allusion to hell (the underworld) and Hades. Sacrificial act to the God? Fairytale – like opening to a story / anecdote Sinister environment – sets up what happens next

7. Oh will she stay with me will she stay This beautiful lady, or will she go away? She lies in my beautiful deep river bed with many a weed To hold her, and many a waving reed. Sinister pun on the word ‘bed’ – refers to the euphemisms we use to describe death as sleeping Links to Duchess and Medusa – how? The river also in the sense of time frequently symbolizes the impermanence of things. Repetition of the word ‘beautiful’ might imply that the river has a simple world view or lower intelligence

8. Oh who would guess what a beautiful white face lies there Waiting for me to smooth and wash away the fear She looks at me with. Hi yih, do not let her Go. There is no one on earth who does not forget her Now. They say I am a foolish old smelly river But they do not know of my wide original bed Where the lady waits, with her golden sleepy head. If she wishes to go I will not forgive her. Connotations of the face being weathered by rocks Connotes princesses from fairy tales – Sleeping Beauty?

9. Discussion… Below are four different interpretations of the poem. Which do you agree with most and why? Are there any comments that you disagree with? Why? Do you have your own interpretation of the poem which is different from any of the thoughts below? 1.The River God is telling humans that while we may think that he is just a smelly, old river he is actually a powerful force – watch out! 2.It’s clear that the River God is lonely and misunderstood. He is punishing the people who do not respect him and reminding us that while we may dismiss him as smelly and old he has many good qualities. Perhaps we should feel sorry for him. 3.This is a love poem; the River God has fallen in love with a human. The River God reminds us that while all of us have forgotten the beautiful lady (we’re only human and don’t last very long after all!), he will never forget her or forgive her if she leaves. 4.The poem is showing us how we take aspects of nature for granted when each part of it has its own inner life and secrets that we know nothing about.

10. How is the River God presented in this poem? In pairs, choose four adjectives from the list below which you think best describe the speaker of this poem. Are there any that you think don’t apply at all? PlayfulLonelyFriendlyHumorousSad ArgumentativeDangerousApologetic BoastfulThreateningCruel PowerfulSecretiveMisunderstood Now join with another pair and compare your choices. In your group of four, decide which two of the four adjectives you think are most useful in describing the River God and then choose a line or two from the poem which you feel best demonstrate these characteristics.