1. Animal Diseases & Parasites
Categorize diseases by their cause
List common diseases found in animals
Identify common animal parasites and their symptoms
Perform an animal health check
Identify & describe zoonotic diseases

2. Types of Disease Disease diˈzēz (noun)
Categorize diseases by their cause
Types of Disease
Disease diˈzēz (noun)
A disorder of structure or function that produces signs and symptoms

3. Types of Disease Physiological
Categorize diseases by their cause
Types of Disease
Physiological
Organs or glands don’t function properly
Diabetes: Pancreas doesn’t produce insulin to regulate blood sugar
Hyper/Hypothyroidism: Thyroid doesn’t produce thyroxin to regulate metabolism

4. Types of Disease Nutritional Caused by inadequate nutrition
Categorize diseases by their cause
Types of Disease
Nutritional
Caused by inadequate nutrition
Ricketts: Insufficient iron in diet causes bones to weaken
Milk Fever: Caused when a lactating animal becomes deficient in calcium

5. Types of Disease Morphological
Categorize diseases by their cause
Types of Disease
Morphological
Physical defect caused by an accident or neglect
Cuts
Bruises
Scratches
Broken Bones

6. Types of Disease Pathogenic
Categorize diseases by their cause
Types of Disease
Pathogenic
Caused by a virus, bacteria, protozoa, or fungus
Johne’s Disease: Caused by bacteria. Extremely slow onset, chronic, progressive, incurable and always fatal disease.
Bovine Virus Diarrhea: Very common and is not fatal. Losses are in milk production and feed waste.

7. Pathogenic Continued:
Salmonella: A pathogen associated with stress and immunocompromised animals.
Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex: An acute respiratory disease most commonly found in calves and young animals.
Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs where the air sacs fill up with an inflammatory discharge.
Pinkeye: An infectious disease of the eye that comes in two forms, bacterial and viral.
Ringworm: Also called Barn Itch it is a contagious disease of the outer layers of the skin caused by molds or fungi.

8. Pink Eye
Ringworm
Johne’s Disease

9. Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)
Not in US since or 10 outbreaks before
Eradication came from complete destruction of any cow infected or suspected.
This disease is constantly present in Europe, Asia, Japan, Philippines, Africa and S. America
Symptoms: Blisters and moderate fever 3-5 days after exposure. Blisters form on the tongue, lips, palate, cheeks, hooves, teats and udders. Heavy drooling, infected feet, abortion and great weight loss. Mortality is not high but the productivity is greatly damaged causing great economic loss.
Caused by at least 6 strands of virus with no treatment available. Spread through products from the animals and secretions from the body.
No hoofed animals nor meat can be imported from countries with known FMD presence.
Infected animals and entire facility must be quarantined and all animals put down and buried or burned and then all housing must be disinfected.

10. Mad Cow Disease
A serious brain disease caused by abnormal proteins called prions.
These prions effect the central nervous systems and other major organs.
Difficulty walking and dementia set in and progress quickly.
Humans get this from eating infected meat.

11. Categorize diseases by their cause
Types of Disease
Parasitic-Caused by Parasites either external or internal.
Coccidiosis: A parasitic disease that effects calves and causes severe weight loss and hinders growth. (Internal)
Anaplasmosis: A red blood cell disease that causes jaundice, weight loss and possible brain issues. (Internal)

12. External Parasites
Ticks: Widespread and found throughout US and are usually seasonal. Several different types causing anemia, restlessness and weight loss as well as carrying diseases.
Flies and Blowflies: Cause production losses by bothering and pestering the animals causing them to be restless.
Grubs: Destructive insect that causes holes in hides and damaged meat to cause production losses.
Lice: Always present, wingless insect that bothers and bleeds out their host animal. Causes loss of hide condition, decrease in milk and increased restlessnes.

13. External Parasites (continued)
Mites: The cause of scabies which is a disease marked by excessive scabs and skin infections.
Mosquitoes: Widespread and causes losses in production and growth.

14. Reproductive Diseases
Brucellosis: In Cattle is called Bangs (Contagious abortions).
In 1943 the infection rate was 11.5% and now is at one half of one half percent. Can pass to humans
Major symptom is abortions or weak newborn calves. Hard to determine as internal lesions cannot be seen.
In Idaho, it is a law that before one year of age all female cattle are to be vaccinated and that any animals brought into the state must have proof of Bangs vaccination or be tested and vaccinated.

15. Leptospirosis: Mostly a mild disease that causes high fever, poor appetite, abortion, bloody urine, anemia and off milk.
Vibriosis: infectious disease that causes infertility and abortion.
Bovine Trichomoniasis: Spread by infected older bulls and causes early abortions.
Metritis: Inflammation of the uterus after birth.

16. Congenital Acquired through genetic inheritance
Categorize diseases by their cause
Types of Disease
Congenital
Acquired through genetic inheritance

17. Parasites Parasite: Any organism that lives on/in another organism
C. Identify common animal parasites and their symptoms
Parasites
Parasite:
Any organism that lives on/in another organism
Causes the host harm
Parasites will die without a host

18. Internal Parasite: Lives INSIDE it’s host
C. Identify common animal parasites and their symptoms
Parasites
Internal Parasite:
Lives INSIDE it’s host

19. Internal Parasite: Roundworm Looks like spaghetti Found in intestines
C. Identify common animal parasites and their symptoms
Parasites
Internal Parasite: Roundworm
Looks like spaghetti
Found in intestines

20. Parasites Internal Parasite: Tape Worm Long and flat in intestines
C. Identify common animal parasites and their symptoms
Parasites
Internal Parasite: Tape Worm
Long and flat in intestines
Break off in sections which look like rice in the stool

21. Parasites Internal Parasite: Hook Worm Small, hook shape
C. Identify common animal parasites and their symptoms
Parasites
Internal Parasite: Hook Worm
Small, hook shape
Attaches to walls of intestine

22. External Parasite: Maggots
C. Identify common animal parasites and their symptoms
Parasites
External Parasite: Maggots
Fly larvae (eggs)
This parasite begins as external and then becomes internal

23. External Parasite: Mites
C. Identify common animal parasites and their symptoms
Parasites
External Parasite: Mites
Live on surface of skin
Attracted to warm, moist places such as the ear

24. External Parasite: Ticks
C. Identify common animal parasites and their symptoms
Parasites
External Parasite: Ticks
Attach themselves to body and suck blood
Can transmit Lyme Disease

25. How are Parasites Transmitted?
C. Identify common animal parasites and their symptoms
Parasites
How are Parasites Transmitted?
Ingesting infected feces
From mother to fetus
Mosquitos (heartworm)
Eating flesh of infected animal
Ie: Cat eating mouse

26. Hoof Care Third largest economic loss in any dairy herd.
The Hoof is the structural foundation of the cow

27. The hoof is exposed to a high concentration of pathogens
Any condition that compromises the integrity of the hoof or surrounding tissues increases the risk of infection.
Risk is higher in wet, muddy conditions

28. Hairy Heel Wart Happens most when bringing in new stock
Highly contagious infection of the hoof
Strawberry colored growth between the digits
Hair often grows from the growth
Treatment is footbath for all cows in herd
Cannot be eradicated but can be controlled

29. Foot Rot Contagious, infection of the hoof tissue
Starts with a redness in the skin above the hoof and the cow will show signs of lameness as infection increases.
The infection will invade the soft tissue until there is a smelly, pus discharge from breaks in the skin. Joints can even become involved.
Prevention involves: trimming, zinc foot baths, clean walkways, limiting of abrasive walkways.

30. Laminitis Inflammation in the shock absorber area of the hoof.
60-90% of the herd are effected
Cows with good or ideal hoof angle have less foot issues. Ideal angle is 45 degrees.
Poor ration balance or high-energy rations can cause feet issues.
Hooves that grow fast or unbalanced cause lameness.
Abnormal wear can cause lameness as well as consistent wet conditions.
Cow comfort is essential to good hoof care.

32. Disorders in Transition Cows
The major transition from pregency to lactating causes severe changes in hormones and metobolic rates.
These changes greatly reduce the risk of infections, diseases and special health concerns that only happen during or around this transition.

33. Overconditioning: Based on the 1 to 5 Body Conditioning Score used for cows.
1=an emancipated cow to 5=an obese cow. Ideal for birthing cow is between 3.5 and 3.75
Cows with higher scores tend to lose too much body conditioning during calving.
Overweight cows tend to have difficulty in calving, conception and give lower amounts of milk.

34. Fatty Liver Syndrome: Liver fills with fat and cannot function properly.
Happens after calving in excessively fat cows. This is often a precursor to other issues.
If allowed to become severe enough the cow will do down but stay alert.
Liver failure will cause cows to decrease their feed intake, lower milk production and impair the digestive system.
Best defense is to maintain balanced rations for pregnant cows, especially during the dry period. Carefully monitor cows weight.

35. Ketosis: Increased fatty acids and ketones in the blood and decreased glucose.
Happens in high-producing cows 10 days to 6 weeks.
Most common issue after birth
A sweet/fruity smell on the breath and a sweet/fruity taste in the milk
Treatment is glucose bags directly into main vein in neck. Often followed up with oral glucose to help the body catch up.

36. Displaced Abomasum (twisted stomach): When the fourth compartment of the stomach becomes twisted out of position and causes a gas build up.
This will stop the flow of digestion and a cow will immediately fall off feed and radically drop in milk production.
This occurs more frequently in older cows and usually within the first three weeks after calving.
Surgery is the best treatment and involves untwisting the abomasum and sewing it to the body wall.

37. Milk Fever: the rapid decline of calcium from the blood to the milk.
Usually effects high producing cows within 24 hours of calving. Jersey cows are most susceptible.
Four stages: cow staggers and is wobbly on feet, goes down and curls head into her flank, she will lay flat and become comatose and then death.
Intravenous SLOW application of calcium. Usually response is immediate but additional treatments may be needed.

38. Dystocia Dystocia- Difficulty giving birth Causes:
E. Describe signs of parturition and dystocia
Dystocia
Dystocia- Difficulty giving birth
Causes:
Presentation
Oversized fetus
Multiple births
Exhaustion, uterine contractions stop
Solutions: Call vet or assist yourself
Cesarean Section (c-section)
Assist manually

39. Dystocia Normal Birth Presentations
E. Describe signs of parturition and dystocia
Dystocia
Birth Presentations
Upside down & Backward
Normal
Breech
Head Back
Leg Back

40. Twinning: Current rate is 3%. Over 25% do not carry to term
Twinning: Current rate is 3%. Over 25% do not carry to term. Seems to more likely in high producing cows.
Retained Placenta: failure of the fetal membranes to be expelled from the uterus. Normal expulsion takes 2 to 6 hours. 12 hours is the limit.
Udder Edema: Unusual swelling of the udder. Usually in heifers and high producers. Sudden change from non-lactating to lactating.

41. Health Checks Healthy Animals: Bright Eyes
D. Perform an animal health check
Health Checks
Healthy Animals:
Bright Eyes
Socialize with other animals and people as usual
Shiny Coat
Healthy Weight
Normal body functions (urination, defecation, etc.)

42. Health Checks Sick Animals: Weight loss Reduced Performance Vomiting
D. Perform an animal health check
Health Checks
Sick Animals:
Weight loss
Reduced Performance
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Dull eyes/drooped ears
Dull coat
High Temperature

43. Zoonotic Disease Zoonotic Disease=
E. Identify & describe zoonotic diseases
Zoonotic Disease
Zoonotic Disease=
An infectious disease that is transmitted from one species to another
-Example: From animal to human

44. Zoonotic Disease Wash your hands!
E. Identify & describe zoonotic diseases
Zoonotic Disease
Preventing Zoonotic Disease=
Wash your hands!
Keep animals healthy and dewormed regularly

45. Dairy Farm Biosecurity
Biosecurity is about protecting the herd and the people that work on the diary.
A plan to prevent disease from happening and it spreading onto or off of the dairy.

46. Bell Quiz Objectives A & B
What are 3 causes of disease? (There are 6 total)
What type of disease is diabetes where the body does not produce adequate insulin?
Give an example of a disease caused by nutritional deficiency.
Give an example of a parasitic disease
Describe a pathogenic disease

47. Bell Quiz Objectives C, D, & E
What are the 2 types or classifications of parasites?
List 3 internal parasites
What are 5 common signs that an animal is healthy?
What is a zoonosis?
What is the first and best line of defense against zoonotic diseases?