1. The EU 2020 Renewable Energy Directive
By Jessica Bejerea

2. The Problem Dependency on imports Dependency on limited fossil fuels
The impact of fossil fuels on the environment
Obligations under Kyoto Protocol
Only 8.5% of the energy produced by the EU 27 comes from renewable energy sources

3. The Problem
“The challenges of transforming Europe’s energy system remain urgent and daunting: the EU currently imports approx. 55% of its energy – and might reach 70% in the next 20 to 30 years. In 2030 the EU will be importing 84% of its gas, 59% of its coal and 94% of its oil. In these circumstances, it is obvious that the challenge to satisfy our energy needs is big.” - The European Renewable Energy Council, “RE-Thinking 2050: A 100% Renewable Energy Vision for the European Union”

4. In 2009 The EU Issued a Directive That Promotes the use of Energy from Renewable Sources
Purposes
Reduce greenhouse gas emissions and comply with the Kyoto Protocol
Promote energy security
Promote technological development and innovation
Create job opportunities and regional development, especially in rural and isolated areas

5. The EU’s 2020 Directive Has Three Primary Objectives
Reduce GHGs 20% below 1990 levels
Reduce emissions by 20% by improving energy efficiency, and
Increase the share of energy derived from renewables to 20%

6. How it Will be Accomplished
Each of the 27 EU States is assigned a series of individualized progressive “targets” starting with 2011
Each State must submit a National Renewable Energy Action Plan by June 2010
Statistical Transfers
Joint projects between member States and with third countries

7. How it Will be Accomplished
Guarantees of origin
Access to the electricity grid for energy from renewable sources
Sustainability criteria for biofuels and bioliquids

8. EU Renewable Energy Targets Are Similar in Principle to Renewable Portfolio Standards in the US
28 US states have binding standards
5 states have non-binding standards (ND, SD, UT, VA, and VT)
Maine (40% by 2017) and California (33% by 2030) have the most stringent requirements
Illinois
25% by 2025
Eligible Renewable: Solar Thermal Electric, Photovoltaics, Landfill Gas, Wind, Biomass, Hydroelectric, Biodiesel
Investor Owned Electric Utilities: 75% of the standard must come from wind
Alternative retail electric suppliers: 60% of the standard must come from wind

9. EU 27 in 2005
Percentage of energy derived from renewable energy sources in 2005

10. EU 27 in 2020
Percentage of energy to be derived from renewable energy sources in 2020

11. 2007 Share of Technologies of the Overall Renewable Electricity Portfolio for Each Member State
*Hydro does not include pumped storage.

12. State Action Plans
States must identify the percentage of renewable energy that it will procure from three sectors:
Transport
Electricity*
Heating and cooling
States must identify the technology mix that they will use to meet their targets
The plans must also include a list of activities that the member state will implement to meet its target
If a member state fails to meet an indicative trajectory target it must submit an amended action plan
*excludes electricity produced in pumped storage units from water that has previously been pumped uphill.

13. State Action Plans: Analysis*
45% of the renewable energy target will be met by the electricity sector
41% to be derived from wind
29% onshore (approximately)
12% offshore (approximately)
31% from hydropower
18% from biomass
9% from solar energy (mostly Solar photovoltaic)
Combined data for 21 countries: Austria, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Finland, France, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Slovenia and the United Kingdom.

14. State Action Plans: Analysis*
43% of the mandate will be met in the heating and cooling sector
80% to be derived from biomass
12% will be met in the transportation sector
66% Biodiesel
22% Bioethanol
10% renewable electricity
*Combined data for 21 countries: Austria, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Finland, France, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Slovenia and the United Kingdom.

15. Further Analysis
Estimated that 10 Member States will exceed their 2020 targets
Five Member States anticipate a deficit
Overall, EU will exceed the 20% renewable energy mandate by more than 0.3 percentage points

16. Specific State Action Plans
United Kingdom
Germany
Spain

17. State Action Plans: United Kingdom
15% 2020 target
Current sectoral targets:
30% electricity
12% heating/cooling, and
10% transportation
How the UK will attain its target
Obtain financial support for renewable energy
Remove barriers to delivery of renewable energy
Develop and invest in new technologies

18. State Action Plans: United Kingdom
Obtain financial support for renewable energy
Includes a system of feed-in tariffs in electricity
Renewable Obligation Certificates and
UK will potentially establish a Green Investment Bank to help fund the introduction of renewable energy
Remove barriers to delivery
Make the grid “smarter” in part by rolling out smart meters

19. State Action Plans: United Kingdom
Develop new technologies
develop an offshore electricity grid
encouraging the development and commercialization of marine energy (tidal and wave) over the coming decade
network of marine energy parks

20. State Action Plans: United Kingdom

21. State Action Plans: Germany
18% 2020 target
Current sectoral targets:
38.6% electricity
15.5% heating/cooling, and
13.2% transportation
Combined -> 19.6%
Estimated 1.6% renewable energy surplus can be used in cooperative projects or statistical transfer

22. State Action Plans: Germany
Germany will develop solar energy to help meet its 2020 renewable energy targets for the electricity sector

23. State Action Plans: Germany
Heating and cooling
2005 – 94% biomass
By 2020 the mix will become diversified
79% biomass
9% Solar thermal energy
8% heat pumps

24. State Action Plans: Spain
20% 2020 target
8.7% in 2005
Current sectoral targets:
40% electricity;
18.9% heating/cooling; and
13.6% transportation
22.7% renewable energy surplus that can be used in cooperative projects or statistical transfer

25. State Action Plans: Spain
Planned projects include
Invest in R&D for innovation in energy storage systems.
Develop marine technologies to increase the potential of marine renewable energies, and remove barriers to developing marine energy projects
Adopt a smart grid system of transmission and distribution
Establish international interconnections with France and Portugal

26. The EU Pledged to Increase Their Targets If Other Developed Countries Agree to Reduce Emissions
Each objective would increase to 30%
The additional reduction would come from improved demand-side efficiency and a reduction of carbon-intensive supply-side investments

27. If They Succeed …
The EU community would serve as a renewable energy role model for other countries
The European Renewable Energy Council: 100% renewables by 2050!

28. EREC 100% by 2050
How to get to 100%
Full liberalization of the energy market
Use smart grids
Hybrid energy solutions
Virtual power plants
Eliminate all subsidies for fossil and nuclear energy
EU wide carbon tax
Transportation: shift from oil to hydrogen and electricity with almost complete reliance on renewable electricity by 2050

29. Europe in 2050?