1. World Water Crisis ” ‘Water, water everywhere’ but what’s a brother gotta do to get a drink around here?” Joel Thomas CBE 555 November 27, 2007 Updated: Joel Thomas (F07) Original: Christie Dosch (F05)

2. Contents of the Crisis Availability/Safety Availability/Safety Sanitation Sanitation Desalination Desalination Other factors Other factors –Contamination

3. Availability/Safety

4. Water Breakdown 70% of Earth is H 2 O 70% of Earth is H 2 O 3% of H 2 O is freshwater 3% of H 2 O is freshwater Of freshwater Of freshwater –79% is glacial –20% is groundwater –1% is surface water Of surface water Of surface water –52% is lakes –38% is soil Moisture –8% is atmospheric vapor –1% in living organisms –1% is rivers

5. Percent of Population with Access to Safe Drinking Water by Country, 2000

6. Percent of Total Disease Burden Caused by Unsafe Water by Country, 2000

7. Renewable Freshwater Supply by Country*, 2000 *m 3 per person per year

8. Scarcity Middle East Middle East –“Many of the wars of this [20th] century were about oil, but the wars of the next century will be about water” - World Bank Vice President Ismail Serageldin –Hebron, Palestine limited households to running water twice a month –Egypt will require an extra 20 million m 3 to meet the needs of the growing population

9. Quality Only 60% of population of Africa has access to safe drinking water Only 60% of population of Africa has access to safe drinking water –In largest cities, < 10% have sewer connections Increased preference for/reliance on well water Increased preference for/reliance on well water 2.3 billion people world wide suffer from diseases linked to dirty water 2.3 billion people world wide suffer from diseases linked to dirty water –Contaminations Biological – Poor Sanitation Biological – Poor Sanitation Chemical/Mineral – Further Study of Arsenic in Bangladesh Chemical/Mineral – Further Study of Arsenic in Bangladesh

10. Treatment

11. Sewage Treatment

12. Preliminary Preliminary –Filter/screen to remove solids and grit –Solids and grit are washed and land-filled

13. Sewage Treatment

14. Primary Primary –Settling tanks (clarifiers) to remove remaining solids –Produces “sludge” containing 70% of initial solids Sludge treated by digestion Sludge treated by digestion –Heat bacteria to optimal conditions –Produces methane  May be used as fuel –Remaining solids are cooled and used as fertilizer

15. Sewage Treatment

16. Secondary Secondary –Percolating filters –Aeration tanks –Biological waste from either treatment is settled out

17. Sewage Treatment

18. Tertiary Tertiary –Kill bacteria Disinfect using chlorine/bleach Disinfect using chlorine/bleach –Dechlorinate using sodium bisulfite or similar compound Reed beds, sand filters, grass plots Reed beds, sand filters, grass plots UV light UV light

19. Assessing Potability Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) –Amount of O 2 required by bacteria to oxidize organic material in 5 days –Drinking water < 1ppm –Raw sewage >> 100ppm

20. Desalination

21. Desalination 7500 plants world wide 7500 plants world wide –60% in Middle East Saudi Arabia produces 128 million gallons per day Saudi Arabia produces 128 million gallons per day –12% in Americas Florida and Caribbean Florida and Caribbean

22. Desalination Process Requires pre-treatment Requires pre-treatment –Chlorination –Ozone –UV light –Stripping or scrubbing to remove Cl or O 3

23. Desalination Processes 1-50 ppm solids 1-50 ppm solids Phase separation Phase separation –Multiple Effect Distillation Sometimes paired with membrane Sometimes paired with membrane –Multiple Stage Flash Flash at successively lower pressures Flash at successively lower pressures –Mechanical Vapor Compression Higher Concentrations Higher Concentrations Mechanical separation Mechanical separation –Reverse Osmosis –Electrodialysis Reversal ~98% salt removal ~98% salt removal Used if ~2% of initial salt content allowable Used if ~2% of initial salt content allowable Otherwise, further separation required Otherwise, further separation required

24. Desalination Efficiency City of Santa Barbara Desalination Plant City of Santa Barbara Desalination Plant –8.2 MGD of brine At 1.8 X the Salinity of Seawater At 1.8 X the Salinity of Seawater –6.7 MGD product –1.7 MGD filter brine –1.7-5.1 cubic yards/day of solids –~40 percent water recovery!!!

25. Why aren’t these used in Africa? Lack of education Lack of education Lack of technology Lack of technology Lack of stable government Lack of stable government Lack of funds Lack of funds

26. Other Factors Pollution Pollution –Water contaminated with toxic materials –Acid rain –Eutrophication – disrupts ecosystem E.g. Phosphorus, Nitrogen from fertilizer E.g. Phosphorus, Nitrogen from fertilizer Global warming Global warming –Redistribution of water Glaciers melting Glaciers melting Aquifers depleting Aquifers depleting

27. Contamination

28. Source of Contaminants Underground injections wells Underground injections wells Landfills Landfills Runoff from roads/agriculture Runoff from roads/agriculture Leaks/spills in chemical storage or transportation (including septic, petroleum) Leaks/spills in chemical storage or transportation (including septic, petroleum) –1 L of gas contaminates 1 Million L of groundwater

29. Arsenic Contamination India India –Bengal and Bangladesh (Ganges River area) –As high as 1.8ppm (EPA limit is 10ppb) –~200,000 people dead from As poisoning

30. Arsenic Decontamination Removal Removal –Adsorption with ferric oxide compound –ppt with iron salts –Nanofiltration –MnO 2 –Coagulation Problems Problems –Removal is expensive –Detection is difficult Field tests only detect above 0.05mg/L (the upper limit) –Technology is not readily available Expensive Equipment Extensive Training

31. References http://www.world-wide-water.com/ - water treatment technical info/guide http://www.world-wide-water.com/ - water treatment technical info/guide http://www.world-wide-water.com/ http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs210/en/ - World Health Org.; Bangladesh info http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs210/en/ - World Health Org.; Bangladesh info http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs210/en/ http://www.wateryear2003.org/en/ev.php- URL_ID=4874&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html – African Situation http://www.wateryear2003.org/en/ev.php- URL_ID=4874&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html – African Situation http://www.wateryear2003.org/en/ev.php- URL_ID=4874&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html http://www.wateryear2003.org/en/ev.php- URL_ID=4874&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html http://www.umich.edu/~gs265/society/waterpollution.htm - water distribution, usage, & pollution http://www.umich.edu/~gs265/society/waterpollution.htm - water distribution, usage, & pollution http://www.umich.edu/~gs265/society/waterpollution.htm http://ohioline.osu.edu/aex-fact/0768.html - treatment principles, regulations, & diagram http://ohioline.osu.edu/aex-fact/0768.html - treatment principles, regulations, & diagram http://ohioline.osu.edu/aex-fact/0768.html http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/S/SewageTreatment.html - Sewage treatment principles http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/S/SewageTreatment.html - Sewage treatment principles http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/S/SewageTreatment.html http://www.coastal.ca.gov/desalrpt/dchap1.html - Seawater Desalination http://www.coastal.ca.gov/desalrpt/dchap1.html - Seawater Desalination http://www.coastal.ca.gov/desalrpt/dchap1.html http://www.nature.com/nature/focus/water/index.html - Global Water Crisis Articles http://www.nature.com/nature/focus/water/index.html - Global Water Crisis Articles http://www.nature.com/nature/focus/water/index.html http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2000/07/0714_water.html - Water and Peace in the Middle East http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2000/07/0714_water.html - Water and Peace in the Middle East http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2000/07/0714_water.html http://answers.google.com/answers/threadview?id=34014 – Further Resources for Desalination (specifically charitable) http://answers.google.com/answers/threadview?id=34014 – Further Resources for Desalination (specifically charitable) http://answers.google.com/answers/threadview?id=34014 http://www.mwra.state.ma.us/03sewer/html/sewditp.htm - Detailed WW Treatment http://www.mwra.state.ma.us/03sewer/html/sewditp.htm - Detailed WW Treatment http://www.mwra.state.ma.us/03sewer/html/sewditp.htm

32. Seawater Composition Element% by massComponentmolality (mol/kg) O85.84H2O53.6 H10.82Cl-0.546 Cl1.94Na+0.469 Na1.08Mg2+0.0528 Mg0.1292SO4,2-0.0282 S0.091Ca2+0.0103 Ca0.04K+0.0102 K0.04C inorganic0.00206 Br0.0067Br-0.000844 C0.0028B total0.000416 AulessSr2+0.000091 F-0.000068