1. Dalia kamal Eldien Mohammed

2. Urine examination A. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF URINE  The physical characteristics of urine include observations and measurements of color, turbidity, odor, specific gravity, pH and volume. Visual observation of a urine sample can give important clues as to evidence of pathology. 1. COLOR  The color of normal urine is usually light yellow to amber. Generally the greater the solute volume the deeper the color. The yellow color of urine is due to the presence of a yellow pigment, urochrome. Deviations from normal color can be caused by certain drugs and various vegetables such as carrots, beets, and rhubarb.

3. 2. ODOR  Slightly aromatic, characteristic of freshly voided urine. Urine becomes more ammonia-like upon standing due to bacterial activity. 3. TURBIDITY  Normal urine is transparent or clear; becomes cloudy upon standing. Cloudy urine may be evidence of phosphates, urates, mucus, bacteria, epithelial cells, or leukocytes. 4. pH  Ranges from 4.5 - 8.0. Average is 6.0, slightly acidic. High protein diets increase acidity. Vegetarian diets increase alkalinity. Bacterial infections also increase alkalinity. 5. SPECIFIC GRAVITY

4. B. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS  For routine chemical analysis of urine there are several brands of chemical test strips (dip sticks) that are commercially available. These urinalysis test strips have small test patches impregnated with various chemicals in order to detect the presence or absence of certain substances. c. MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION  Examination of urine sediment may reveal the presence of different types of cells such as epithelial cells, leukocytes, erythrocytes, or renal cells. Different types of crystals, yeast, bacteria, or casts may also be present. Casts are cylindrical structures created by protein precipitation in the renal tubules.

5. Procedure: 1. Transfer urine sample to a conical centrifuge tub 2. Centrifuge your sample at a moderate speed for 5 minutes. BE SURE TO BALANCE CENTRIFUGE. 3. Discard the supernatant (fluid off the top) by quickly pouring off fluid. 4. Tap tube with index finger to mix sediment with remaining fluid. 5. Make a wet mount of sample by transferring 1 drop of material to a slide and covering with a coverslip. 6. Examine the sample under the microscope under low and high power. 7. Identify what you see by comparing to charts. Draw a few of your observations.

6. Urine Culture Aim of the test  An etiological diagnosis of bacterial urinary tract infection Types of specimen  Urine (Midstream urine), suprapubic aspiration, catheterized urine Criteria of specimen rejection  Un-refrigerated specimen older than 2 hours may be subject to overgrowth and may not yield valid results; unlabeled specimen; mislabeled specimen; specimen in expired transport container; 24 hours urine specimens.

7. Media 1. Blood Agar, 2. MacConkey Agar 3- Nutrient agar Culturing procedure  Mix the urine sample to re-suspend microorganism present.  Dip a calibrated loop in vertical position in the urine and remove the loop and use the collected fluid to inoculate a nutrient agar plate that will be used for urine plate count.  Take another loop to streak Blood agar and another loop to streak MacConkey agar plates.  A plate count of 10,000 CFU/ml of pure culture should be considered positive

8. Case study  You are provided with a urine specimen labeled X from 30 years old lady suffering from dysuria (painful urination) and frequent urination, the physician requested for urine general& culture.  do the urine examination and report your results  You are provided with  Urine strips  Centrifuge  Slide& cover slip  CLED, MacConkey Agar& blood agar  Calibrated loop