1. 5 ERRORS OF REFRACTION Željka Burčul Mentor: A. Žmegač Horvat

2. What are we going to talk about???? myopia astigmatism conjunctivits hyperopia blindness glaucoma cataract presbyopia

3. MYOPIA

4. myein = “to shut” (Greek) ops = eye (Greek) nearsightedness condition in which close objects are seen clearly, but objects farther away appear blurred

5. not inherited but caused by excessive reading and other close work first occurs at school-age

7. Symptoms: blurred vision difficulty seeing distant objects frowns holding books or objects very close to the face sitting at the front of a classroom or theater or close to the TV or computer no interest in sports or other activities that require good distance vision frequent headaches

9. HYPEROPIA

10. farsightedness, longsightedness or hypermetriopia condition in which distant objects are usually seen clearly, but close ones appear blurred

11. inherited

13. Symptoms: difficulty seeing up close blurred distance vision (occurs with higher amounts of hyperopia) eye fatigue when reading eyestrain (headaches, pulling sensation, burning)

15. ASTIGMATISM

16. corneal irregularity that causes multiple focal points and blurred picture

17. Causes: heredity pressure of the eyelids on the cornea incorrect posture or increased usage of eyes for close work any eye injury

19. Symptoms: headaches, fatigue, eyestrain and blurred vision at all distances difficulty focusing on printed words and lines

21. PRESBYOPIA

22. ˝short arm syndrome˝, age-related farsightedness condition in which an eldery person’s sight fails gradually

23. Causes: hardening and loss of flexibility of the lens two theories trauma occupation lifestyle

25. Symptoms: blurred vision at a normal reading distance need to hold reading materials at arm's length headaches, eyestrain and fatigue after near work

27. How are these conditions diagnosed?

28. How are they treated? eyeglasses contact lenses laser and other refractive surgery procedures

30. References: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ http://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/ www.bausch.com/... www.bausch.com/ www.medicina.hr http://images.google.hr