1. Liver: anatomy & functions Pavle Peić Tukuljac Mentor: A. Žmegač Horvat

2. Anatomy Largest gland in the body (1.5 Kg) Under the diaphragm, within the rib cage in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen

3. Anatomy 4 Lobes Major: left and right Minor: caudate and quadrate Ducts Common hepatic Cystic From gallbladder Common bile - Choledochus Joins pancreatic duct at hepatopancreatic ampulla

4. GALLBLADDER ANATOMY

5. Thin-walled green muscular sac On the inferior surface of the liver Stores bile that is not immediately needed for digestion When the muscular wall of the gallbladder contracts bile is expelled into the bile duct LIVER GALL BLADDER

6. BILE BILE – bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, neutral fats, phospholipids and electrolytes Liver produces 0.5-1 l of bile daily Bile salts emulsify fats LIVER GALL BLADDER

7. LIVER ANATOMY Liver lobules – hexagonal structures consisting of hepatocytes Hepatocytes radiate outward from a central vein At each of the six corners of a lobule is a portal triad Liver sinusoids

8. LIVER ANATOMY Hepatocytes produce bile Bile flows through canals called bile canaliculi to a bile duct Bile ducts leave the liver via the common hepatic duct

9. LIVER ANATOMY 80 % 20 %

10. Functions Metabolic Synthesis Breakdown Other functions – storage of vitamin A,D,B 12,F… Excretion of waste products from bloodstream into bile Vascular – storage of blood

11. Synthesis Protein metabolism Synthesis of amino acids Carbohydrate metabolism Gluconeogenesis Glycogenolysis Glycogenesis Lipid metabolism Cholesterol synthesis Lipogenesis Production of coagulation factors I, II, V, VII, IX, X and XI, and protein C, protein S and antithrombinVVIIIXXXIprotein Cprotein Santithrombin Main site of red blood cell productionred blood cell Produces insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), a polypeptide protein – anabolic effectsinsulin-like growth factor 1polypeptide protein Production of trombopoetin

12. Breakdown Breaks down insulin and other hormonesinsulin Breaks down hemoglobinhemoglobin Breaks down or modifies toxic substances (methylation) → sometimes results in toxicationtoxic toxication Converts ammonia to ureaammoniaurea

13. Other functions Produces albumin, the major osmolar component of blood serumalbumin Synthesizes angiotensinogen, the hormone responsible for raising blood pressure when activated by renin (enzyme released when the kidney senses low blood pressure)angiotensinogenblood pressurerenin kidney

14. References http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J0AjkKRxb WM&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J0AjkKRxb WM&feature=related http://www.mamashealth.com/organs/liver.as p http://www.mamashealth.com/organs/liver.as p www.medterms.com http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bx6kj6xLC Zw http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bx6kj6xLC Zw