1. Development of Language Language: refers to our spoken, written, or gestured words and how they are combined to communicate. Language: refers to our spoken, written, or gestured words and how they are combined to communicate.

2. Language: Building Blocks 1. Phonemes: the smallest distinctive sound unit. How many phonemes are in the word: Cheat? How many phonemes are in the word: Cheat? 2. Morphemes: the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix) How many Morphemes are in the word “previewed?” How many Morphemes are in the word “previewed?” How many Morphemes are in the word “rabbits?” How many Morphemes are in the word “rabbits?”

3. Language: The Rules Grammar: a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. Includes semantics and syntax. Grammar: a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. Includes semantics and syntax. –Semantics: the study of meaning; rules for how we get meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language. –Syntax: the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.

4. Examples of Language Rules Semantic Examples: adding –ed to end of word does what? Semantic Examples: adding –ed to end of word does what? Adding –s to a noun does what? Adding –s to a noun does what? Syntax Examples: In English adjectives come before nouns but the opposite is true in Spanish. Syntax Examples: In English adjectives come before nouns but the opposite is true in Spanish. Pretty girl Pretty girl Chica bonita Chica bonita

5. Stages of Language 1. Babbling Stage: 1.beginning at 3 to 4 months 2.the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language 2. One word stage: 1.from about age 1 to 2 2.the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in single words, but those words carry meaning

6. Stages of Language 1. Two-Word Stage 1.beginning about age 2 2.the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements 3.Telegraphic Speech 1.early speech stage in which the child speaks like a telegram – “go car” – using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting “auxiliary” words

7. Language Summary Summary of Language Development Month (approximate) Stage 4 10 12 24 24+ Babbles many speech sounds. Babbling reveals households language. One-word stage. Two-world, telegraphic speech. Language develops rapidly into Complete sentences.

8. Theories of Language Development: B. F. Skinner vs. Noam Chomsky A.K.A. Dudes I Need to Know For the Test VS.

9. Theory 1: Skinner Believed We Learn Language Through Learning Techniques (Class. Cond., Op. Cond, Observation) (Nurture Argument) Tools for learning language according to Skinner: 1. Association: associate the sight of things with certain sound of words 2. Imitation: watch models speaking words and syntax and then we imitate them. 3. Reinforcement: given positive feedback and words of encouragement when we speak correctly.

10. Theory 2: Chomsky Believes Our Brains Are Hardwired With Inborn Universal Grammar. (Nature Argument) Language is enabled by a: Language Acquisition Device: humans are born with innate abilities to acquire language. Language Acquisition Device: humans are born with innate abilities to acquire language. Argued although children do learn the language of their environment, the rate they acquire words and grammar without being taught is too astonishing to be explained purely from external learning principles. Argued although children do learn the language of their environment, the rate they acquire words and grammar without being taught is too astonishing to be explained purely from external learning principles. Subscribed to idea of the “critical period,” a time when something must happen for development to proceed normally. Subscribed to idea of the “critical period,” a time when something must happen for development to proceed normally.

11. Languages Influence on Thinking Linguistic Determinism (lingusitic relativity): Benjamin Whorf’s idea that language determines the way we think. English has many self-focused emotions vs. Japanese which has many words for interpersonal emotions. English has many self-focused emotions vs. Japanese which has many words for interpersonal emotions.

12. Language Relativity and Doublespeak Double-Speak describes when language is used to disguise the actual meaning and possibly mislead people. Double-Speak describes when language is used to disguise the actual meaning and possibly mislead people. Examples: Examples: “Downsizing”=multiple firings of employees. “Downsizing”=multiple firings of employees. “Physical Persuasion”=torture “Physical Persuasion”=torture “Collateral Damage”=death of civilians “Collateral Damage”=death of civilians “Concentration Camp”=labor/death camp “Concentration Camp”=labor/death camp

13. Reviewing Expectancy All expectancy/set concepts are related to how our preconceptions, prior experiences, and schemas for phenomenon affect our thinking patterns and problem solving abilities. All expectancy/set concepts are related to how our preconceptions, prior experiences, and schemas for phenomenon affect our thinking patterns and problem solving abilities. When explaining these concepts have to identify source of your preconception. When explaining these concepts have to identify source of your preconception. There are two basic types of set/expectancy: There are two basic types of set/expectancy: –1. Perceptual Set –2. Mental Set

14. Concepts that Fall Under Category of Mental Set Stereotyping Stereotyping Availability Heuristic Availability Heuristic Representative Heuristic Representative Heuristic Fundamental Attribution Error Fundamental Attribution Error Self Fulfilling Prophecy/Pygmalion Effect Self Fulfilling Prophecy/Pygmalion Effect Functional Fixedness Functional Fixedness Confirmation Bias Confirmation Bias Hindsight Bias Hindsight Bias Belief Bias Belief Bias Framing Framing Learned Helplessness Learned Helplessness

15. Set/Expectancy’s Affect on Human Perception Specific Examples: Specific Examples: 2. Gestault Principles -Closure, etc 3. Top-Down Processing 4. Availability Heuristic/ Stereotyping /Fundamental Attribution Error -Example: Because of news reports, I stay away from Muslims b/c I believe most of them are terrorists. 1. Perceptual Set

16. How does set/expectancy affect the experience of drugs??

17. How can set/expectancy affect a student’s performance in the classroom?

18. How does set/expectancy affect our Problem Solving Abilities?

19. How can set/expectancy affect our Memory?