1. Emotion Regulation “Anybody can become angry, that is easy; but to be angry with the right person, and to the right degree, and at the right time, and for the right purpose, and in the right way, that is not within everybody's power, that is not easy.” - Aristotle

2. If you are pained by anything external, the pain is not due to the thing itself, but to your estimate of it; and this you have the power to revoke at any moment. – Marcus Aurelius There is nothing either good or bad but thinking makes it so. – Bill Shakespeare Happiness does not depend on outward things, but on the way we see them. – Leo Tolstoy In the depth of winter, I finally learned that there was In the depth of winter, I finally learned that there was within me an invincible summer. – Albert Camus within me an invincible summer. – Albert Camus

3. If you are pained by anything external, the pain is not due to the thing itself, but to your estimate of it; and this you have the power to revoke at any moment 41,300,000 websites 255 books

4. There is nothing either good or bad but thinking makes it so. …”voodoo death” may be real, and it may be explained as due to shocking emotional stress…

5. Overview I. Intro to Emotions in Brain II. Definition of Emotion Regulation III. Regulation processes IV. Suppression V. Focusing on feelings VI. Relationship between Social Cognition and Emotion

6. Emotions in Brain, Briefly

7. Frontal Lobes The story of Phineas Gage emotional, frequent outbursts of anger, rage, couldn’t inhibit inappropriate behavior

8. Frontal Lobotomies 1930s: Egaz Moniz begins frontal lobotomies in humans (and eventually wins Nobel Prize) 1950s: psychosurgery in vogue; 40,000 frontal lobotomies in North America no outward signs of emotion no facial expression no feelings toward other people felt empty, zombie-like lose prosody = emotional component of speech orbitofrontal cortex

9. Orbitofrontal patients show flat skin conductance to disturbing stimuli SCR: skin conductance response; measures sweat gland activity; indicator of arousal

10. Orbitofrontal cortex - emotional decision making Gambling Task Pile A: gain more, lose more Pile B: gain less, lose less

11. Speech Task Stern fellows To induce a stress response, participants were asked to prepare speeches on 2 random topics. Prior to entering the scanner, they were given bios and background information on the panelists, to convince them of the seriousness of giving the speeches

12. HR SCR Rating Regions correlated with a measure= pos. corr.= neg. corr. Speech Task

13. Amygdala Insula Amygdala and Insula - Negative Emotions Disgust Fear

14. Definition of Emotion Regulation

15. What is Emotion Regulation? Definition People regulate their emotions when they influence: -Which emotions they have -When they have emotions -How they experience emotions -How they express emotions

16. Regulation Processes

17. How do we regulate our emotions?

18. Emotion Regulation: 5 Ways 1. Selection of the situation 2. Modification of the situation 3. Deployment of attention 4. Change of cognitions 5. Modulation of responses

19. Situation Selection Approaching or avoiding certain people, places or objects; choose environments to control range of contextual event Examples -Seeing a movie to vent feelings -Seeking out a friend to have a good cry -Treatment for drug addiction Contextual Event EMOTION Observable Response

20. Situation Modification Modify or change a situation to alter its emotional impact; change an aspect of the contextual event Examples -Can’t make meeting; reschedule phone meeting -Not succeeding in grad program, then switch to another Contextual Event EMOTION Observable Response

21. Attention Deployment Control focus of attention on the contextual event to reduce or enhance emotion Examples -Distraction: focus attention on non-emotional aspects of situation or from the situation altogether -Concentration: absorb cognitive capacity or focus on emotion cues -Rumination: direct attention to feelings and their consequences Contextual Event EMOTION Observable Response

22. Cognitive Change Reappraisal of event, cognitively change the emotional meaning of the event Examples -Reframe event -Re-appraise meaning -Turning tragedy into triumph Contextual Event EMOTION Observable Response

23. Role of Cognition in Emotion If you are pained by anything external, the pain is not due to the thing itself, but to your estimate of it; and this you have the power to revoke at any moment. Stimulus/ Event Appraise Significance Emotional Response

24. Stimulus/ Event Re-Appraise Significance Altered Response Role of Cognition in Emotion If you are pained by anything external, the pain is not due to the thing itself, but to your estimate of it; and this you have the power to revoke at any moment.

25. Think about image in way that makes you feel less negative…. > Look Neg > Look Neu > Reappraise Neg > Look Neg “ ….” “He’s in pain, suffering, hospital, may die soon….” Think about image as you would naturally, don’t try to alter your experience… “ ….” “Receiving treatment, is hearty, will be right as rain….”

26. Typical Design for Studying Re-appraisal Instructional cue 2 secs 8 secs Stimulusperiod Affect rating Inter-trial interval 2 secs 4-10 secs RELAX Strength of Affect REAPPRAISE or LOOK weak strong 1 2 3 4 5

27. Reappraisal significantly decreases negative affect LookReappLook 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Strength of Negative Affect Strong Weak Negative Photo Neutral Photo Effects of reappraisal p <.001

28. Reappraisal significantly decreases amygdala response Look > Look > Decrease Reapp Look neg Look neu Photo 10 secs Cue2sec % signal change Lag

29. Increase > Look Reappraise > Look Neg Preparing to Reappraise Aversive Images Medial PFC VLPFC DLPFC Increase > Look Reappraising Aversive Images Dorsal lateral PFC (DLPFC) Ventral lateral PFC (VLPFC) Medial PFC Reappraise > Look Neg

30. lateral Medial PFC Dorsal ACC medial p <.001 Ventral PFC Regions Supporting Reappraisal (Reappraise > Look) Controls lateral Medial PFC medial Dorsal PFC p <.001 Ventral PFC Depressed Dorsal PFC

31. Working Model of the Cognitive Control of Emotion Medial LateralAmygdala Generate initial response Lateral PFC Top-down implementation of cognitive reappraisals Medial PFC Self-awareness of emotion during reappraisal Monitor reappraisal success Anterior Cingulate Cortex

32. Response Modulation Directly influencing physiological, experiential, or expression Examples -Hide or present facial expression -Use exercise or drugs to decrease experience Contextual Event EMOTION Observable Response

33. Suppression

34. Emotional Suppression Inhibit emotion so that emotions are hidden from others (response modulation) Consequences Lab Session (short-term) Facial expression, somatic activity, heart rate Blinking, GSR Chronic Suppressors (long-term) Positive expression and experience Negative experience Interpersonal functioning and well-being

35. Get into groups of 2 or 3 One person in group will look at the screen Try to suppress your facial expression The other(s) will look at that person’s face (and not the screen) Try to find out when your partner sees something disturbing. Emotional Suppression

41. Switch! Emotional Suppression

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48. What is the relationship between Social Cognition and Emotion?

49. What is the relation btw. Soc-Cog and Emotion? What do you feel, think, want right now? What are your traits/dispositions? Did he intend to be mean? Is he an aggressive guy? Social Cognition

50. What is the relation btw. Soc-Cog and Emotion? What do you feel, think, want right now? What are your traits/dispositions? Does he look angry? How upset am I? (Is her heart racing, etc.) Social Cognition What are you expressing? How am I feeling (expressing, physio responding) ? Emotion

51. Draw high-level inference about social/emotional stimuli Why is this man ? Why is this man smiling?Happy?

52. Draw high-level inference about social/emotional stimuli Why is this man smiling? Happy? Or manipulative? Or manipulative?