1. Cellular Transport Unit Passive Transport = movement of substances across the cell membrane without any input of energy by the cell

2. Passive Transport

3. Types 1) Diffusion = movement of molecules from high to low [ ] (concentration) - driven by the concentration gradient - spreads out evenly till dynamic equilibrium is reached - spreads out evenly till dynamic equilibrium is reached

4. Diffusion

6. 2) Osmosis = diffusion of water A solution may be one of the following: (compared to a cell) - isotonic solution: same [ ] of water and solute - hypotonic solution: lower [ ] of solute, a lot of water - hypertonic solution: higher [ ] of solute, less water

7. Isotonic Solution (Red Blood Cells) A solution is isotonic to a cell if it has the same concentration of solutes as the cell. Equal amounts of water enter and exit the cell, so its size stays constant.

8. Hypotonic Solution (Red Blood Cells) A hypotonic solution has fewer solutes than a cell. Overall, more water enters a cell in a hypotonic solution, causing the cell to expand and even burst.

9. Hypertonic Solution (Red Blood Cells) A hypertonic solution has more solutes than a cell. Overall, more water exits a cell in a hypertonic solution, causing the cell to shrivel and even die

10. Direction of Osmosis Outside the Cell Inside the Cell Net Movement of Water Isotonic Isotonic None Isotonic Isotonic None Hypotonic HypertonicInside the Cell Hypotonic HypertonicInside the Cell Hypertonic Hypotonic Outside the Cell Hypertonic Hypotonic Outside the Cell ** If the solution outside the cell is hypotonic, then inside the cell is hypertonic and vice versa ** Water tends to diffuse from hypotonic to hypertonic

11. - Plasmolysis = cells shrink when turgor pressure is lost - the reason plants wilt

12. - Cytolysis = cell bursts due to water entering the cell

14. 3) Facilitated Diffusion = move molecules across the cell membrane through carrier/transport proteins - are specific for the type of molecule they help diffuse

15. Facilitated Diffusion (Open Channels)

16. Facilitated Diffusion (Proteins Change Shape)

17. Diffusion vs. Facilitated Diffusion Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion

18. Active Transport = substances can cross the cell membrane with an input of energy from the cell

19. Active Transport

20. 1) Endocytosis = the process by which cells ingest “stuff” - vesicle holds the “stuff” - two types: 1) pinocytosis - solutes and fluids 2) phagocytosis - large particles or whole cells

21. Endocytosis

22. 2) Exocytosis = the process by which cells release “stuff” - is essentially the reverse of endocytosis

23. Exocytosis