1. Discharge Measurement Equipment and Meter Maintenance September 2011 – Glen Hess ,TESNAR, Oregon (Many slides from USGS Surface Water Field Techniques May 2008 Class)

2. Discharge Measurement Techniques
Discharge measurements may be made using a variety of methods and equipment:
The current meter is one of the most common tools used to measure discharge.
Wading
Cableways
Bridges
Boats
Weirs and flumes
Volumetric
Dye tracers
Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler
Indirect measurement
Estimates

3. Instruments and Equipment
In addition to the current meter, a timer and a means of counting meter revolutions are needed to measure discharge. Additional equipment may be needed, depending on the manner in which the measurement is made – that is, by wading, cableway, bridge, boat, or under ice cover.
A current meter measures the velocity of flowing water. The principle of operation is based on the proportionality between the velocity of the water and the resulting angular velocity of the meter rotor.

4. Instruments and Equipment
The number of revolutions of the rotor is obtained by an electrical circuit through the contact chamber. Contact points in the chamber are designed to complete an electrical circuit at selected frequencies of revolution.
Contact chamber showing
contact points and cat whisker.

5. Instruments and Equipment
The electrical impulse produces an audible click in a headphone or registers a unit on a counting device. The intervals during which meter revolutions are counted are timed with a stopwatch.
Headset and stopwatch for wading rod.

6. Instruments and Equipment
The digitizers shown here automatically count current meter revolutions. Aquacalc by JB Instruments

7. Instruments and Equipment
Current meters generally can be classified with respect to two main types: those meters having vertical-axis rotors and those having horizontal-axis rotors.
The vertical-axis Price-AA current meter is extensively used by the USGS.

8. Price AA Current Meter
On most meters, both single-count and penta-count are available.
A tailpiece issued to align the meter parallel to flow.
A cat whisker or magnetic head is inside to measure rotor rotations.
Should not use meter if depth is less than 1.25 feet.

9. Price AA Current Meter
Should not use if within 0.5 feet of water surface or stream bed.
Raise cups off the pivot when not in use.
Revolutions can be counted using a headset.
Can be used with a current-meter digitizer (CMD), AquaCalc or PDA which records both revolutions and time.

10. Price AA Current Meter Available with an Optic head.
Available with magnetic head for use with electronic counters.
Don't use for velocities less than 0.2 feet/sec.
See Office of Surface Water Memorandum on procedures to ensure accurate performance of current meters

11. Price Pygmy Meter
In shallow depths (0.3 to 1.5 ft), a Price pygmy meter, scaled two-fifths as large as the standard meter is used.

12. Current Meters
To insure reliable observations of velocity it is necessary that the current meter be kept in good condition. Meter repairs by the hydrographer should be limited to minor damage only. See Office of Surface Water Memorandum
(handout here, field description tomorrow)

13. Current Meters
To determine the velocity of the water from the revolutions of the rotor of a conventional current meter, a relation must be established between the angular velocity of the rotor and the velocity of the water that spins the rotor. That relation is known as the rating of the current meter.

14. Current Meter Rating Table (1970)

15. FlowTracker by wading Advancements in the technology of
wading discharge
measurements…
Acoustic concepts later by Marc Stewart

16. What is a FlowTracker?
Uses acoustic doppler technology to measure current velocity
Can only be used for wading discharge measurements
Replaces both the pygmy and Price AA
Attaches to standard wading rod
No moving parts—minimal maintenance
Consists of a probe and a handheld controller
Probe consists of a temperature probe, acoustic transmitter, and acoustic receiver
Controller records data and diagnostics and calculates discharge (like an AquaCalc)
Costs $7,000
Versions of software and firmware New (v2.01) Old (v1.30)

17. Acoustics Measures in water as shallow as 0.1 ft.
Measures velocities as low as ft/s, outperforms pygmy meters in low velocity meas.
Never requires calibration
OSW and HIF approved
Sample volume is .25 cm2, 4 inches from transmitter
Boundary Problems
Low Backscatter Problems (<10 SNR)

18. FlowTracker Orientation? 4”
Rod
FlowTracker Mount
Must always keep FlowTracker perpendicular to tagline not flow
Where do you position the FlowTracker?
With the rod at the station on the tag line?
With the rod 2” to the left of the station?

19. USGS and Marsh McBirney Meters: Comparison tests show the electromagnetic instrument is not reproducible, thus USGS does not use them

20. Sounding Equipment
Sounding (determination of depth) is usually done mechanically--the exact equipment used depends on the type of measurement being made. Depth and position in the vertical are measured by a rigid rod or by use of a sounding weight suspended from a cable.
Sounding equipment used by the U.S. Geological Survey includes: wading rods, sounding weights, sounding reels, hand lines, and sonic sounders.

21. Sounding Equipment Standard top-setting rod.
Sounding reel used to suspend weight
and meter from a bridge board.

22. Sounding Equipment
The two types of wading rods commonly used are the top-setting rod and the round rod.
The top-setting rod is preferred because the meter can be conveniently set to the proper measuring depth. The hydrographer's hands remain dry while setting the observation depth. The rod is placed in the stream so the base plate rests on the streambed, and the depth of water is read on the graduated main rod.

23. Sounding Equipment
If a stream is too deep or too swift to wade, the current meter is suspended in the water by cable from a boat, bridge, or cableway. A sounding weight is suspended below the current meter to keep it stationary in the water. The weight also pre- vents damage to the meter when the assembly is lowered to the streambed.

24. Sounding Equipment
A sounding reel has a drum for winding the sounding cable, a crank and ratchet assembly for raising and lowering the weight or holding it in any desired position, and a depth indicator.
The U.S. Geological Survey has five types or sizes of sounding reels in common use, the choice of reel is dependent on the depth of water to be measured and on the weight required for sounding. A reel, B Reel, E reel are most commonly used reels.

25. Sounding Equipment
A Reel Sounding reel on bridge board on Pilgrim Creek at Grand Teton National Park, WY.

26. Width-Measuring Equipment
The distance to any point in a cross section is measured from an initial point on the bank. Cableways and bridges used regularly for making discharge measurements are commonly marked at 2-, 5-, 10-, or 20-ft (0.61-, 1.52-, 3.05-, or 6.10-m) intervals by paint marks.
Paint marks on the bridge over the Snake River near Jackson, WY

27. Width-Measuring Equipment
For measurements made by wading, from boats, or from unmarked bridges, steel or metallic tapes or tag lines are used.
Three commonly used tag-line reels. The yellow reel holds
a kevlar line that will float. The other two reels hold beaded steel line. 

28. Equipment Assemblies
The cableway provides a track for the operation of a cable car from which the hydrographer makes a current-meter measurement. Cable cars also support the sounding reel and other necessary equipment. Both sit-down and standup types of cable cars are used in stream gaging.
Standup cableway on Colorado
River at Cisco, UT.

29. Equipment Assemblies
Sit-down cable cars have a variety of means of supporting the sounding reel. A-pack and Canfield reels are designed to clamp on the side of the car. Permanent or portable reel seats are attached to the cable cars for A-pack or larger reels.

30. Equipment Assemblies
Bank operated cableways are being used more often on smaller streams (up to 150 ft) for measuring discharge as well as for sediment sampling. These systems are safer than traditional cableways because the hydrographer is not over the water.
Example of bank operated cableway found at the Hydrologic Instrumentation Facility, MS.

31. Equipment Assemblies
All cableways must be periodically inspected according to policy established in WRD memorandum
Load testing cableway on Provo River at Woodland, UT.

32. Equipment Assemblies
When measuring from a bridge, the meter and sounding weight can be supported by a hand line, by a sounding reel mounted on a crane, or by a bridge board.
All cranes are designed so that the superstructure can be tilted forward over the bridge rail far enough for the meter and weight to clear most rails.

33. Equipment Assemblies
Four-wheel crane being used in a discharge measurement. 

34. Equipment Assemblies
Bridge boards, usually a plank with a sheave at one end over which the meter cable passes and a reel seat near the other end, may be used with an A-pack or A-55 sounding reel and with weights up to 100 lb.
Discharge measurement made with a bridge board on Pilgrim Creek at Grand Teton National Park, WY.

35. Equipment Assemblies
Many special arrangements for measuring from bridges have been devised to suit particular purposes. Truck-mounted cranes are often used for measuring from bridges over larger rivers. Monorail stream-gaging cars have been developed for large rivers.
Truck-mounted crane.

36. Next: Measurement Documentation (Very important to complete)