1. 1.Write down the items below. Consider what materials are used in making that item. Tell whether each item is made from fossil fuels, minerals, plants, or animals. Some items are made from multiple sources. 2.Tell whether each item is made from mostly renewable or nonrenewable resources.

3. Nonrenewable resource is a natural resource which cannot be reproduced, grown, or regenerated It cannot be sustained at its current consumption rate Once depleted there will be no more available for future use What is a nonrenewable resource?

4. Fossil fuels are the remains of ancient organisms that changed into coal, oil, or natural gas through very specific geologic processes. Fossil fuels are a type of nonrenewable energy resources What is a fossil fuel?

5. Fossil fuel supplies are limited. Obtaining & using fossil fuels causes environmental problems such as air pollution & global warming. What are problems associated with using fossil fuels?

6. Cooking Transportation Manufacturing Heating & cooling Generating electricity to run machines & appliances. What are the 5 main uses of fuels?

7. No! Different fuels are used for different needs. For example: Airplanes cannot run on coal because you would need hundreds of tons of coal to power the plane. Fuel usage depends on: Fuel’s energy content Cost Availability Safety Byproducts of fuel usage Are all fuels created equal?

8. 1.Coal 2.Oil/Petroleum 3.Natural Gas What are the 3 types of fossil fuels most commonly used?

9. How did coal form? What are uses of coal? What are the types of coal? What are the advantages & disadvantages to using coal? What methods are used to make coal burning cleaner?

10. Remains of swamp plants repeatedly covered in sediment as ocean levels rose and fell 320- 300 million years ago. The sediment compressed the plant remains. Heat & pressure from with Earth turned plant remains into coal. Most abundant coal deposits in world are in U.S. and Asia (China) Most abundant coal deposits in U.S. are in eastern U.S. How did coal form?

11. Coal is burned to: CREATE ELECTRICITY Manufacture cement, steel, other industrial products Heating homes What are the uses of coal?

12. Lignite (Brown Coal): A brownish-black coal of low quality and low carbon content. 25-30% Carbon. Higher smoke and pollution. Crumbly texture. Gulf Coast and Northern Plains. Sub-bituminous: Higher carbon content than lignite. 35-45% Carbon. Slightly harder than lignite and slightly higher quality fuel source. Montana, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, Washington, Alaska Bituminous: Most common coal is dense and black (often with well-defined bands of bright and dull material). High Carbon content 35-86%. Harder and shinier. Common throughout the US. Anthracite: Hard and shiny coal. Contains a high percentage (86%-97%) of fixed carbon and a low percentage of volatile matter. Least smoke & pollution. Most valuable. Pennsylvania What are the types of coal?

13. Charcoal Wood is chopped down and cooked slowly in kilns to make charcoal. The kilns limit the amount of oxygen which stops the wood from actually burning and leaves a solid fuel. Charcoal briquettes contain small amounts of Anthracite. Coal Coal is a carbon-based fossil fuel created over millions of years from decaying matter. Less than a century ago coal was the fuel of choice for both industry and heating homes. Still, more than half the electricity used in the United States is generated in coal-burning plants. What is the difference between charcoal and coal?

14. Advantages PROS Most abundant fossil fuel (300- 900 years left) U.S. has a lot of it! Low cost High net energy yield Have reduced air pollution problems with better technology

15. CONS Dirtiest fuel- releases tons of SO 2, CO 2, NO x and mercury Air & water pollution Sulfur causes acid rain Carbon dioxide increases global warming Major environmental damage in mining Major threat to health Coal ash and slurry Disadvantages

16. Coal washing- removes sulfur Scrubbers- spray neutralizing solution on coal gas before it leaves smoke stack. Clean Air Act- sets standards for emissions released from coal burning facilities & imposes fines as needed. What methods are used to make coal burning cleaner? Scrubber Device

17. How did oil form? What are uses of oil? What are the advantages & disadvantages to using oil? What methods are used to make oil use cleaner?

18. Tiny marine organisms decayed, accumulated, and were covered in sediment on ocean floor millions of years ago. Heat & pressure turned the bodies & sediment into oil. How did oil form?

19. Crude oil comes straight out of ground. Must be refined to make products thru a process called fractional distillation. Crude oil is heated to different temperatures. At different boiling points the oil is condensed and removed to make a variety of products Fuels- jet fuel, gasoline, diesel Plastics Lubricating oils, waxes Some household items What are the uses for oil/petroleum?

20. How do you make gasoline? Crude Oil Hydrocarbon Oil and gas are made of a mixture of different hydrocarbons. As the name suggests these are large molecules made up of hydrogen atoms attached to a backbone of carbon.

21. At the Refinery Before it can be used crude oil must be refined. Hydrocarbons can be separated using distillation, which produces different fractions (or types) of oil and gas Distillation Plant Jet fuel Car fuel Road tar

22. Household Items made from oil

24. Cons Projected to run out in about 40 years. Artificially low price encourages waste Releases CO2 and other air pollution when burned Water pollution from oil tankers/spills Pros Low cost High net energy yield Easy transportation Advantages and Disadvantages

25. Catalytic converters- clean car exhaust before it leaves car. Unleaded fuel- removing lead from gasoline reduces air pollution problems Double-hull on oil tankers prevents some oil spills in ocean. What methods are used to make oil use cleaner?

26. How did natural gas form? What are uses of natural gas? What are the advantages & disadvantages to using natural gas? What is fracking?

27. Natural gas is formed as a by-product of oil formation. It is usually found in pockets around oil deposits. The main component of natural gas is methane. How did natural gas form?

28. Composition of Natural Gas Mostly methane CH 4 Some ethane C 2 H 6 PropaneC 3 H 8 ButaneC 4 H 10 HydrogenH 2 Some Nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide

29. Texas is the top producer of natural gas!

30. Cooking Heating & cooling Some electricity Car fuel What are the uses of natural gas?

31. Cleaner emissions than gasoline while providing similar fuel economy and performance Reduces the dependency on foreign oil Most prevalent in California and New York 12-15% of public transit buses in the US run on natural gas. NG cars are more expensive Fueling stations are sparse CNG Cars 2014 Honda Civic Natural Gas

32. Cons Releases some CO2 Releases methane (greenhouse gas) Explosive Fracking (see next slide) Pros 125-200 year supply 90% of the natural gas used in U.S. comes from U.S.- we don’t rely on foreign countries for this like we do oil. High net energy yield Low cost (huge subsidies) Less air pollution & CO2 emissions than oil & coal Less land degradation Easily transported by pipes Advantages & Disadvantages

33. What is Hydraulic Fracturing AKA…“Fracking”? Fracking is used to get pockets of natural gas out of the ground. Process: Water, sand & chemicals are forced thru a drilled hole, rock is cracked, forces natural gas upward to be collected Cons: Chemicals find their way into water supplies, poisoning people, livestock, and soil. (20-40% of fracking chemicals stay underground.) Halliburton Loophole- placed in the 2005 Energy Bill created by former vice president Dick Cheney (once a Halliburton vice president) says natural gas companies that use fracking are exempt from Safe Drinking Water Act and don’t have to disclose what type of chemicals they are using.