1. Monier and Hennebique trademark as quality guarantee Concrete enters the modern age

2. System Hennebique Firth of Tay Collapse Wrought Iron & Steel Construction Railroad Expansion Sir Thomas Bouch Sir Henry Fowler Sir Benjamin Baker Sir William Arrol Monoplane Fallingwater Quebec Bridge Cantilever Aesthetics & Engineering Site Factory Onsite quality assurance Riveting Machines Social Drivers Technology Drivers Key People Offspring of the milesone Technology Residue Process Residue Problem Solving Inspiration

3. Roman concrete arches, brick formwork

5. Basketed in, Tamped in place

10. Lightweight aggregate - tufa, pumice, hollow clay vessels Heavyweight aggregate - basalt Allows a 143 foot unreinforced span

11. A lost material Knowledge of concrete lost during dark ages. Didn’t re-emerge until 1824 when Joseph Aspin patents Portland Cement Increased in use when J.L. Lambot embeds iron in the mix for increased strength Becomes a modern material in 1867 when Joseph Monier establishes the scientific basis for reinforced concrete and is awarded a patent Becomes accepted as a way of building through works by Perret and Hennebique Eugene Freyssinet develops prestressing techniques 1928.

12. Concrete development 1824 Aspdin Patents Portland Cement 1824 18371850186318761889190219151928 Lambot Reinforces Concrete Flower pots & boats 1848 1867 Monier Patents Reinforced concrete 1875 Monier’s Concrete bridge Castle Chazelet 1902 Perret’s Rue Franklin Precast 1923 Perret’s Concrete Cathedral 1928 Freyssinet’s Prestressing

13. William Aspdin Lime+Clay=Portland Cement, 1824

14. Lambot adds iron to prevent cracked flowerpots…and by 1848, in boats Joseph Louis Lambot, no crackpot

15. Joseph Monier patents reinforced concrete 1867 1867 “iron reinforced cement troughs for horticulture” 1868 “iron reinforced cement pipes” 1869 “iron reinforced cement panels for building” 1872 “bridges and footbridges made of iron reinforced cement” 1878 “iron reinforced cement beams ”

16. Monier’s Mesh idea Monier, like Paxton was a career Gardner Tried to solve the problem of flower pots cracking by embedding iron mesh

17. Worlds first reinforced concrete bridge? Bridge at Chazelet Castle 1875

18. Reinforce everything 1872 water towers

19. 1881 Monier’s system for floors

20. Started out as a fireproofing subcontractor in Belgium 1879 Beton Arme (concrete armor) First to solve the “connection” problem for reinforced concrete column to beam or slab First international construction firm (Europe & U.S.) Francois Hennebique

21. Hennebique moved to Paris in 1898 Employed 25 people building with what would become “System Hennebique” in 1902 The “Connection” solved!

28. Prolific Builder…and licenser Between 1892 and 1902, completed over 7,000 projects…58 per month? –Bridges –Building frames –Water towers Licensed many, but what did he build?

30. 1906 Genoa

31. Like Paxton, Hennebique used a marching army troop to prove stability

33. Vienne River Bridge 1899 What makes this similar to Telford’s Craigellachie Bridge? Photo: structurae.de by Jacques Mossat

34. What was Hennebique missing?

35. Stop slippage with bumps

37. Competing approaches Monier: build it, break it, build it heavier Hennebique: build it, break it, build it heavier Wayss: derive formula, build it to fit the formula Gardner Stonemason

38. Gustav A. Wayss & Conrad Freytag German engineers Commercialized Monier’s patents Wrote first textbook on concrete engineering design Wayss & Freytag firm still in business today Competitor of Hennebique Built demonstration structures, derived formulas, then limited their designs to what could be mathematically calculated

39. August Perret “civilized” concrete for architectural use Rue Franklin 1902

40. Precast for production rate

41. Competing with Stone Thanks to Monier, concrete panels could be produced cheaper than quarrying them from stone

42. Perret’s Concrete Cathedral Notre Dame du Raincy 1923

48. Eugene Freyssinet Develops prestressing techniques - 1928

49. The longest span in the world

54. Le Harve shipyard repair To fix settling structures Freyssinet retrofits structure with precast prestressed trusses

55. Prestress principles don’t change much Freyssinet’s anchorVSL’s Anchor

56. Discovering Creep Boutiron Bridge 1924 Freyssinet rides to work over it, realizes the deck is deflecting at the arch centers, Jacks it back up, realizes concrete deflects under load

58. Orly Dirigible Hangar 1916

59. Uboat pen 1936?