1. Comparing Means

2.  Comparing two means is not very different from comparing two proportions.  This time the parameter of interest is the difference between the two means,  1 –  2.  So, the standard deviation of the difference between two sample means is  Since we don’t know the true standard deviations, we need to use the standard errors

3.  Independence Assumption (Each condition needs to be checked for both groups.): ◦ Randomization Condition: ◦ 10% Condition: ◦ Nearly Normal Condition:  Independent Groups Assumption

4. When the conditions are met, we are ready to find the confidence interval for the difference between means of two independent groups: where the standard error of the difference of the means is The critical value depends on the particular confidence level, C, that you specify and on the number of degrees of freedom, which we get from the sample sizes and a special formula.

5.  The special formula for the degrees of freedom for our t critical value is:  Because of this, we will let technology calculate degrees of freedom for us!

6.  A researcher wanted to see whether there is a significant difference in resting pulse rates for men and women. The data she collected are shown below:  Create a 90% confidence interval for the difference in mean pulse rates. MaleFemale Count2824 Mean72.7572.625 Median73 StdDev5.372257.69987 Range2029 IQR912.5

7.  When the conditions are met, the standardized sample difference between the means of two independent groups can be modeled by a Student’s t-model with a number of degrees of freedom found with a special formula.

8.  The hypothesis test we use is the 2-sample t-test for the difference between means.  The conditions for the two-sample t-test for the difference between the means of two independent groups are the same as for the two-sample t-interval.  We test the hypothesis H 0 :  1 –  2 =  0, where the hypothesized difference,  0, is almost always 0, using the statistic  When the conditions are met and the null hypothesis is true, this statistic can be closely modeled by a Student’s t- model with a number of degrees of freedom given by a special formula. We use that model to obtain a P-value.

9.  Someone claims that the generic batteries seem to have last longer than the brand-name batteries. To prove this claim, we measured the lifetimes of 6 sets of generic and 6 sets of brand-name AA batteries from a randomized experiment.  Does this prove the claim? GenericBrand-name Count66 Mean206 min187.4 min StdDev10.3 min14.6 min

10.  Page 640 – 643  Problem # 1, 3ab, 11, 13, 15, 17, 25, 31.