1. SPARROW Water- Quality Modeling: Application of the National Hydrography Dataset What is SPARROW? Use of NHD SPARROW results By Craig Johnston and Richard Moore New England SPARROW model

2. PARROW Spatially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes New England SPARROW Model

3. SPARROW An empirical approach relating observed water-quality data (TN and TP) to upstream watershed characteristics Incorporates variables to simulate in-stream processes Incorporates only statistically significant parameters. Successfully applied nationally and regionally

4. Upstream monitoring station Point source Reach segment Reach segment contributing area Downstream monitoring station Hydrologic Network – the Back-bone of SPARROW

5. Data Input GIS Derived Display of SPARROW Results – GIS Software SPARROW Programs Fortran / SAS SPARROW Components

6. Design of the New England SPARROW Model 2 models: Total Nitrogen and Total Phosphorous Calibrating model for the early-mid 1990s time period National model has been done previously for 1987 RF1 was use as the network for the national model Improve on national model by improved spatial detail and by additional local data sets

7. Selecting a Stream Network Choices Available: RF1 – 1:500,000 scale Used in the National and Chesapeake SPARROW models Reaches have estimation of stream-flow and velocity SPARROW programs compatible with RF1 network NHD – 1:100,000 scale Never before used for SPARROW modeling NHD reaches do not have stream-flow and velocity estimates

8. Why NHD was selected for New England RF1 stream density was inadequate for certain areas in NE RF1 Stream Network Density problems in RF1 related to source scale maps

9. Greater spatial detail Better accuracy in model calibrations More detail in model predictions Why NHD was selected for New England (cont) RF1 Stream NHD Stream

10. Contoocook

11. Added 273 Canadian reaches for Lake Champlain, Connecticut River, and St. Francois River basins Canadian data from Natural Resources Canada National Topographic Database (NTDB), 1:50,000-scale Canadian data not obtained for Upper St. John and St. Croix River basins

12. RF1 2,462 Reaches NE SPARROW Enhanced NHD 42,000 Reaches

13. New England SPARROW Generation of Reach Catchments Catchments are delineated from a modified DEM produced by integrating NED, NHD, and the National Watershed Boundary Dataset (preliminary – NRCS) Process involves using U. of Texas AML program called Agree to “burn” NHD stream network into the NED data. Forces DEM to recognize hydrography in the NHD NRCS 1:24,000-scale WB data is added to the output DEM from Agree as a “wall” to force DEM to recognize manually interpreted watershed divides

15. Spatial Detail of Reach Catchments 8-digit Cataloging Unit – Saco River, NH-ME 12-digit Cataloging Unit- Kezar Lake, ME

17. Nutrient Data (Dependent Variable) Used in the Model Collected data from USGS, STORET, States, research studies Calculated streamflow/nutrient relation to predict nutrient loads during all conditions of a hydrograph using the USGS Estimator Program.

18. 65 sites used in the model 67 sites used in the model

19. Atmospheric Deposition of Nitrogen Range 3.2 to 12.0 kg/ha/yr (Ollinger and others, 1992)

21. Catchment Characteristics for Selected Reach Catchment Area 1.72 sqm Forested.35 sqmi Deciduous Forest.30 sqmi Mixed Forest.05 sqmi Coniferous Forest.00 sqmi Agriculture.05 sqmi Barren Land.00 sqmi Wetlands.05 sqmi High density urban.00 sqmi Low density urban.02 sqmi Total urban land.02 sqmi Urban Rec. grassland.00 sqmi Surface water area.03 sqmi Mean annual precipitation 41 in. Mean annual temperature 39 F 1990 Census Population 5 Atmospheric Deposition of Nitrogen 4,500 kg/yr Nitrogen Fertilizer Use100 kg Phosphorus Fertilizer Use 53 kg Nitrogen from manure production 50 kg Phosphorus from manure production 22 kg Mean slope 6 percent Mean soil permeability 1.3 inches per hour

22. Total Upstream Basin Characteristics for Selected Reach Drainage Area 296 sqm Forested 247 sqmi Deciduous Forest 157 sqmi Mixed Forest 63 sqmi Coniferous Forest 27 sqmi Agriculture 11 sqmi Barren Land 4 sqmi Wetlands 15 sqmi High density urban 2 sqmi Low density urban 10 sqmi Total urban land 12 sqmi Urban Rec. grassland 3 sqmi Surface water area 4 sqmi 1990 Census Population 6,000 Atmospheric Deposition of Nitrogen 324,532 kg/yr

23. Estimation of Stream-Flow Randall (1996) Runoff contour map used to calculate delivered yield of runoff for each catchment NHD navigation tool and custom Avenue Script used to accumulate upstream catchments for a selected reach, and sum all upstream catchment cfs and drainage areas to derive a mean annual flow, and total drainage area

24. Estimating Mean Annual Stream-flow to NHD Reaches

26. Comparison of Estimates of Stream-Flow with Observed Gaging Station Data Percent Difference 53% 30% 10% 7%

27. Estimation of Velocity Velocity estimated from Jobson equation Requires, mean annual flow, drainage area, reach slope

28. Basin min elevation = 320 meters Basin min elevation = 340 meters Basin min elevation = 342 meters DEM Stream NHD Stream 320 meters assigned minimum elevation for NHD reach# 1’s stream pour point Elevation at DEM pour point 320 meters NHD Reach-id 1 Assigning Minimum and Maximum Stream Channel Elevations for NHD to Reaches Maximum elevation for NHD reach # 1 assigned upstream incoming reach’s minimum elevation (342 meters) – Uses NHD Flow table

29. Stream velocity displayed to corresponding NHD reach catchments

30. An example of using stream channel elevations to identify reaches with tidal influence. Based on National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) / National Ocean Service CO-OPS water level data. Rhode Island

31. Model Calibration Runs for the New England SPARROW Nitrogen Model Significant Predictors: Point Sources (municipal STPs), Atmospheric Deposition, agricultural land, and urban land R-squared =.94, MSE = 0.18 Variable COEF STD ERR BOOTEST BOOTSTD POINT 1.13 0.37 1.18 0.43 ATMOS 0.33 0.03 0.34 0.04 AG LAND 1114 506 1149 619 URBAN 2409 584 2574 860

39. Model Calibration Runs for the New England SPARROW Phosphorous Model Significant Predictors: Point sources (municipal sewer and paper), Forest land, agricultural land, urban land, Attenuation in lakes with surface areas <= 10 km 2 R-squared =.91, MSE =.36 Variable COEF STD ERR BOOTEST BOOTSTD POINT 1.15 0.25 1.18 0.29 FOREST 26 9.4 28 8.5 AG LAND 311 65 302 96 URBAN 79 28 77 11

40. Utility of New England SPARROW Model Results for TMDL Applications – An Example from the Connecticut River Basin Sources in NH-VT TN Loads to Long Is Sound 36 %

41. Conclusions The NHD makes a great foundation for SPARROW modeling and : StreamStats Stream-gage Network Analysis Water-quality Network Design Mercury Model Ground-Water Recharge Model * A SPARROW model for the Delaware River Basin is in development - first to utilize the 24K NHD

42. Potential Application Groundwater Recharge Model