1. Water Supply and Purification in Emergencies 1 Marco Bruni, seecon international gmbh

2. Water Supply and Purification in Emergencies Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info Copy it, adapt it, use it – but acknowledge the source! Copyright Included in the SSWM Toolbox are materials from various organisations and sources. Those materials are open source. Following the open- source concept for capacity building and non-profit use, copying and adapting is allowed provided proper acknowledgement of the source is made (see below). The publication of these materials in the SSWM Toolbox does not alter any existing copyrights. Material published in the SSWM Toolbox for the first time follows the same open-source concept, with all rights remaining with the original authors or producing organisations. To view an official copy of the the Creative Commons Attribution Works 3.0 Unported License we build upon, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0. This agreement officially states that: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0 You are free to: Share - to copy, distribute and transmit this document Remix - to adapt this document. We would appreciate receiving a copy of any changes that you have made to improve this document. Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must always give the original authors or publishing agencies credit for the document or picture you are using. Disclaimer The contents of the SSWM Toolbox reflect the opinions of the respective authors and not necessarily the official opinion of the funding or supporting partner organisations. Depending on the initial situations and respective local circumstances, there is no guarantee that single measures described in the toolbox will make the local water and sanitation system more sustainable. The main aim of the SSWM Toolbox is to be a reference tool to provide ideas for improving the local water and sanitation situation in a sustainable manner. Results depend largely on the respective situation and the implementation and combination of the measures described. An in-depth analysis of respective advantages and disadvantages and the suitability of the measure is necessary in every single case. We do not assume any responsibility for and make no warranty with respect to the results that may be obtained from the use of the information provided. Copyright & Disclaimer

3. Water Supply and Purification in Emergencies Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info Contents 1.Disasters and Water Supply Systems 2.Intervention in an Emergency 3.Prioritising in an Emergency 4.Organisation in an Emergency 5.Approaches to Water Purification in Emergencies 6.International Emergency Response in WASH 7.References 3

4. Water Supply and Purification in Emergencies Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info Disasters 4 1. Disasters and Water Supply Systems Disasters Storms Floods Tsunamis Fires Draughts Earthquakes Pandemics Armed conflicts

5. Water Supply and Purification in Emergencies Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info The Effects of Disasters on Civil Society 5 1. Disasters and Water Supply Systems Disaster Main health problems caused by Insufficient water supply and sanitation Poor hygiene Consumption of contaminated water Main health problems caused by Insufficient water supply and sanitation Poor hygiene Consumption of contaminated water Critical determinants for survival: Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Critical determinants for survival: Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Health of survivors is exposed to high risks GWC (2009) THE SPHERE PROJECT (2011)

6. Water Supply and Purification in Emergencies Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info The Effects of Disasters on Water Supply Systems 6 1. Disasters and Water Supply Systems Disaster Consequences: Destruction of water supply systems Contamination of groundwater and wells Loss of electricity/pumps Collapse of water distribution network Consequences: Destruction of water supply systems Contamination of groundwater and wells Loss of electricity/pumps Collapse of water distribution network Results: Failure of supply Consumption of contaminated water Serious health problems and environmental pollution Results: Failure of supply Consumption of contaminated water Serious health problems and environmental pollution

7. Water Supply and Purification in Emergencies Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info Managing an Emergency: Building Resilience-Enabling Rehabilitation 7 2. Intervention in an Emergency Normality

8. Water Supply and Purification in Emergencies Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info Managing an Emergency: Building Resilience-Enabling Rehabilitation 8 2. Intervention in an Emergency Disturbance Normality

9. Water Supply and Purification in Emergencies Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info Managing an Emergency: Building Resilience-Enabling Rehabilitation 9 2. Intervention in an Emergency Disturbance Normality Rehabilitatio n Objectives Save lives Ease suffering Speed up process of rehabilitation

10. Water Supply and Purification in Emergencies Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info Managing an Emergency: Building Resilience-Enabling Rehabilitation 10 2. Intervention in an Emergency Disturbance Normality Intervention Rehabilitatio n General task Immediate response However, upgrading the systems in a long-term perspective has to be considered already at the beginning. Objectives Save lives Ease suffering Speed up process of rehabilitation

11. Water Supply and Purification in Emergencies Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info Managing an Emergency: Building Resilience-Enabling Rehabilitation 11 2. Intervention in an Emergency Disturbance Normality Intervention Rehabilitatio n Objectives Save lives Ease suffering Speed up process of rehabilitation General task Immediate response However, upgrading of the systems for long-term water supply has to be considered already at the beginning. Tasks in relation to water, sanitation & health (WASH) Provision of safe drinking water Maintenance of basic hygiene Reduction of health risks THE SPHERE PROJECT (2011)

12. Water Supply and Purification in Emergencies Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info Prioritising as a Key Factor 12 Protection of Water Sources 1 Adapted from: WHO (n.y.) 3. Prioritising in an Emergency Step 2 3 4 Water Quantity Water Quality Water Distribution Network CHALINDER (1994); THE SPHERE PROJECT (2011)

13. Water Supply and Purification in Emergencies Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info General Objectives of Emergency Water Supply and Purification Protection of water sources (1) in order to minimise the risk of contamination and transmission of water borne diseases (immediate objective); Provision of water of a reasonable quantity (2) (immediate objective); Improvement of the physical and biological quality (3) of the water (medium-term objective); Improvement of access to supplies through improved water distribution networks (4) and storage facilities (medium-term objective). 13 3. Prioritising in an Emergency CHALINDER (1994); THE SPHERE PROJECT (2011)

14. Water Supply and Purification in Emergencies Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info Assess First – Then React Immediately AssessmentReaction 14 4. Organisation in an Emergency

15. Water Supply and Purification in Emergencies Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info Assessment of Water Supply Systems 15 4. Organisation in an Emergency Water demandWater supplyWater distribution Quantity Which surface or groundwater sources in the area are affected? What is their capacity? How can this water be brought to the people in need? Quality What are the problems related to water quality now and how will the situation develop? How is the water quality of these sources? What are the possibilities for treatment if required? Any existing leakages affecting water quality? Adapted from: DAVIS & LAMBERT (2002)

16. Water Supply and Purification in Emergencies Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info Water Demand Assessment Minimum Standards for Drinking Water Quantity 16 4. Organisation in an Emergency Survival needs: water intake 2.5 – 3 litresDepends on the climate and individual physiology Basic hygiene practices2 – 6 litresDepends on social and cultural norms Basic cooking needs3 – 6 litresDepends on food type and social and cultural norms Total basic water needs 7.5 – 15 litres per person per day Source: THE SPHERE PROJECT (2011)

17. Water Supply and Purification in Emergencies Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info Point-of-use versus Camp Water Supply and Purification Systems 17 5. Approaches to Water Purification in Emergencies Point-of-use Water Supply and Purification Camp Water / semi- centralised Supply and Purification PrinciplesEnd-users (households and communities) are trained to apply simple multi-barrier methods based on the HWTS approach. After and during an emergency, a mobile water treatment unit is brought close to the water source and installed and operated by trained staff. TechnologiesSedimentation, Coagulation, Disinfection, Boiling, SODIS Treatment units AdvantagesLow-costReady-to-use, very effective DisadvantagesHigh responsibility of end userExpensive, knowhow for O&M AB

18. Water Supply and Purification in Emergencies Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info Point-of-use (POU) Water Supply and Purification Systems Examples for POU water treatment methods: Sedimentation Coagulation Disinfection Boiling SODIS A 18 5. Approaches to Water Purification in Emergencies

19. Water Supply and Purification in Emergencies Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info Camp Water Supply and Purification Systems On the left: Emergency water treatment units filtrate (membrane filtration) and disinfect (ultraviolet light) surface water to produce large amounts of clear potable water regardless of its turbidity. On the right: Self-disinfecting Katadyn Filter elements also have a high performance. They work with a micro porous ceramic filter with silver incorporated in the ceramic structure. B 19 5. Approaches to Water Purification in Emergencies Source: Left: PWN TECHNOLOGIES (2011). Right: AQUAFIDER (2011)

20. Water Supply and Purification in Emergencies Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info Key Factors for the Selection of the Optimal Treatment Process 20 5. Approaches to Water Purification in Emergencies The concrete measures to be taken after a disaster depend on the answers to the assessment questions, the geographical and climatic context, the reason for people being without water and the type of target groups. Source: HOUSE & REED (1997) HOUSE & REED (1997)

21. Water Supply and Purification in Emergencies Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info Just Providing Infrastructure is not enough Establishing an emergency water supply system is not only about providing physical infrastructure but also about awareness raising and capacity building (hygiene education). 21 5. Approaches to Water Purification in Emergencies Source: http://www.akvo.org/blog/wp- content/uploads/2009/04/p1100042.jpg [Accessed: 12.04.2012]http://www.akvo.org/blog/wp- content/uploads/2009/04/p1100042.jpg Source: http://zweland.net/photos/var/albums/Chennai%20photos/Water%20supply%20 truck.jpg?m=1290085025 [Accessed: 12.04.2012] http://zweland.net/photos/var/albums/Chennai%20photos/Water%20supply%20 truck.jpg?m=1290085025

22. Water Supply and Purification in Emergencies Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info Water, Sanitation and Health (WASH) Organisations (e.g. Governments, NGOs, etc.) have different strategies for humanitarian intervention: Provision of equipment to ensure immediate response without thorough assessment. E.g. modular kits  pumps, treatment units, water tanks and distribution systems. 22 6. International Emergency Responses in WASH HOUSE & REED (1997) Provision of modular mobile treatment units to treat either surface or groundwater from a nearby source in the short run. Usage of locally available materials, methods and skills to benefit the local population and to improve effective operation and maintenance of the system in the long run. Source: SWEDISH RED CROSS (2008)

23. Water Supply and Purification in Emergencies Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info 23 7. References AQUAFIDES (Editor) (2011): Katadyn Mobile Filter Unit MOT. Dietlikon: Aquafides Schweiz AG. http://katadynch.vs31.snowflakehosting.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/katadynmilitarycom/Downloads/Mobile_Filter_Unit_MOT_EN. pdf [Accessed: 17.04.2012]. http://katadynch.vs31.snowflakehosting.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/katadynmilitarycom/Downloads/Mobile_Filter_Unit_MOT_EN. pdf CHALINDER, A. (1994): Water and Sanitation in Emergencies. Good Practice. London: Overseas Development Institute. URL: http://sheltercentre.org/sites/default/files/WatSan%20in%20Emergencies%20%28Chalinder%29.pdf [Accessed: 20.03.2012]. http://sheltercentre.org/sites/default/files/WatSan%20in%20Emergencies%20%28Chalinder%29.pdf DAVIS, J.; LAMBERT, R. (2002): Engineering in Emergencies. A Practical Guide for Relief Workers. London: Intermediate Technology Publications, Ltd. GWC (Editor) (2009): The Human Right to Water and Sanitation in Emergency Situations. The Legal Framework and a Guide to Advocacy. New York: Global WASH Cluster (GWC), Unicef. URL: http://redhum.org/archivos_cluster/pdf/ID_351_UW_Redhum_Global_Manual_Human_Rights_to_Water_and_Sanitation_in_Emerg ency_Situation_2009.pdf [Accessed: 20.03.1012]. http://redhum.org/archivos_cluster/pdf/ID_351_UW_Redhum_Global_Manual_Human_Rights_to_Water_and_Sanitation_in_Emerg ency_Situation_2009.pdf HOUSE, S.; REED, B. (1997): Emergency Water Sources. Guidelines for Selection and Treatment. Loughborough: Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC). URL: http://sheltercentre.org/sites/default/files/Emergency%20Water%20Sources%20%28WEDC%29.pdf [Accessed: 20.03.2012]. http://sheltercentre.org/sites/default/files/Emergency%20Water%20Sources%20%28WEDC%29.pdf PWN TECHNOLOGIES (Editor) (2011): Emergency Water Unit. http://www.pwntechnologies.nl/resources/factsheets/pdf/Perfector-E%20-%20Emergency%20water%20unit.pdf [Accessed: 17.04.2012]. http://www.pwntechnologies.nl/resources/factsheets/pdf/Perfector-E%20-%20Emergency%20water%20unit.pdf SWEDISH RED CROSS (Editor) (2008): Slide show of Swedish Red Cross water and sanitation module 4O ERU deployed in Philippines. Stockholm: Swedish Red Cross. URL: http://www.ifrc.org/Global/sw-watsan-eru-philippines0808.pdf [Accessed: 20.03.2012].http://www.ifrc.org/Global/sw-watsan-eru-philippines0808.pdf THE SPHERE PROJECT (Editor) (2011): Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response. Bourton on Dunsmore: Practical Action Publishing. URL: http://www.sphereproject.org/component/option,com_docman/task,cat_view/gid,17/Itemid,203/lang,English/ [Accessed: 17.10.2011]. http://www.sphereproject.org/component/option,com_docman/task,cat_view/gid,17/Itemid,203/lang,English/

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