2. 1 st : Laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātum (“a”) 2 nd : Moneō, monēre, monuī, monitum (“ē”) 3 rd : Ducō, ducere, duxī, ductum (“e”) 3 rd “io”: Capiō, capere, cepī, captum (“ĭ”>“e”) 4 th : Audiō, audīre, audivī, auditum (“ī”) Latin has five verb conjugations. This means that there are five patterns that verbs follow when they conjugate, depending on the theme vowel of a given verb. You can distinguish the conjugation of a Latin verb by its theme vowel, something easily found in the Pres. Act. Inf., which is the 2 nd principal part of each verb. The theme vowel for the “3 rd -io” conjugation is actually a short i (“ĭ”), which often weakens to a short e in many forms, such as the infinitive.

3. Mood: Indicative Subjunctive Imperative Voice: ActivePassive Tense: Present Imperfect Future (Present System) Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect (Perfect System) Person:1 st 2 nd 3 rd Number:SingularPlural NB: Though many people may list *Infinitives and *Participles as “moods,” they are non-finite forms of verbs, so they are not actually “moods,” but are sometimes called “modes.” *Infinitives and participles are actually no longer technically verbs, they are verbal nouns and verbal adjectives, respectively, so they are the nominal and adjectival forms of the verbs. Finite verbs have 5 characteristics: Mood, Voice, Tense, Person, and Number

4. This week’s review focuses on the present system, meaning all verbal forms built upon the present stem, including the present, future, and imperfect tenses. The present stem is found by removing the infinitive ending “-re” from the 2 nd principal part of a verb. (another way to think of it is to describe the present stem as the root of the verb + theme vowel) To build an inflected finite verbal form in the present system, follow this structure: present stem + tense marker + personal ending

5. The personal endings of the present system are as follows: ActivePassive 1 st sing: -ō/-m -r 2 nd sing: -s-ris/-re 3 rd sing: -t -tur 1 st pl: -mus -mur 2 nd pl: -tis -mini 3 rd pl: -nt -ntur LEARN THESE VERY WELL!!!!

6. Laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātum laudō laudās laudat laudāmus laudātis laudant Pres. Ind. Act. = Present Stem + Ø tense marker + active personal endings 1 st s 2 nd s 3 rd s 1 st p 2 nd p 3 rd p Ducō, ducere, duxī, ductum (“iou a present”) dūcō dūcis dūcit dūcimus dūcitis dūcunt Note that the 3 rd conj. verbs lose their theme vowel and use “-i-/-o-/-u-” as the present tense marker.

7. Moneō, monēre, monuī, monitum moneō monēs monet monēmus monētis monent Pres. Ind. Act. = Present Stem + Ø tense marker + active personal endings 1 st s 2 nd s 3 rd s 1 st p 2 nd p 3 rd p Audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītum audiō audīs audit audīmus audītis audiunt Capiō, capere, cēpī, captum capiō capis capit capimus capitis capiunt

8. Laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātum laudor laudāris (-re) laudātur laudāmur laudāminī laudantur Pres. Ind. Pass. = Present Stem + Ø tense marker + passive personal endings 1 st s 2 nd s 3 rd s 1 st p 2 nd p 3 rd p Ducō, ducere, duxī, ductum dūcor dūceris* (-re) dūcitur dūcimur dūciminī dūcuntur *Note that the 3 rd (and 3 rd io) conj. verbs maintain the short “e” in the 2 nd sing. passive of the present indicative.

9. Moneō, monēre, monuī, monitum moneor monēris (-re) monētur monēmur monēminī monentur Pres. Ind. Pass. = Present Stem + Ø tense marker + pass. personal endings 1 st s 2 nd s 3 rd s 1 st p 2 nd p 3 rd p Audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītum audior audīris (-re) audītur audīmur audīminī audiuntur Capiō, capere, cēpī, captum capior caperis (-re) capitur capimur capiminī capiuntur

10. Laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātum laudābam laudābās laudābat laudābāmus laudābātis laudābant Impf. Ind. Act. = Pres. Stem + “-ba-” tense marker + act. personal endings Ducō, ducere, duxī, ductum dūcēbam dūcēbās dūcēbat dūcēbāmus dūcēbātis dūcēbant 1 st s 2 nd s 3 rd s 1 st p 2 nd p 3 rd p

11. Moneō, monēre, monuī, monitum monēbam monēbās monēbat monēbāmus monēbātis monēbant Impf. Ind. Act. = Pres. Stem + “-ba-” tense marker + act. personal endings Audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītum audiēbam audiēbās audiēbat audiēbāmus audiēbātis audiēbant Capiō, capere, cēpī, captum capiēbam capiēbās capiēbat capiēbāmus capiēbātis capiēbant 1 st s 2 nd s 3 rd s 1 st p 2 nd p 3 rd p

12. Laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātum laudābar laudābāris (-re) laudābātur laudābāmur laudābāminī laudābantur Impf. Ind. Act. = Pres. Stem + “-(ē)ba-” tense marker + passive personal endings Ducō, ducere, duxī, ductum dūcēbar dūcēbāris (-re) dūcēbātur dūcēbāmur dūcēbāminī dūcēbantur 1 st s 2 nd s 3 rd s 1 st p 2 nd p 3 rd p

13. Moneō, monēre, monuī, monitum monēbar monēbāris (-re) monēbātur monēbāmur monēbāminī monēbantur Impf. Ind. Act. = Pres. Stem + “-ēba-” tense marker + passive personal endings Audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītum audiēbar audiēbāris (-re) audiēbātur audiēbāmur audiēbāminī audiēbantur Capiō, capere, cēpī, captum capiēbar capiēbāris (-re) capiēbātur capiēbāmur capiēbāminī capiēbantur 1 st s 2 nd s 3 rd s 1 st p 2 nd p 3 rd p

14. Future Tense Marker: For 1 st & 2 nd conjugations = -bi-* For 3 rd & 4 th conjugations = -a-/-e- (A&5Es rule) Laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātum laudābō laudābis laudābit laudābimus laudābitis laudābunt Fut. Ind. Act. = Pres. Stem + “bi” or “a/e” tense marker + act. pers. endings Ducō, ducere, duxī, ductum dūcam dūcēs dūcet dūcēmus dūcētis dūcent 1 st s 2 nd s 3 rd s 1 st p 2 nd p 3 rd p

15. Future Tense Marker: For 1 st & 2 nd conjugations = -bi-* For 3 rd & 4 th conjugations = -a-/-e- (A&5Es rule) Moneō, monēre, monuī, monitum monēbō monēbis monēbit monēbimus monēbitis monēbunt Fut. Ind. Act. = Pres. Stem + “bi” or “a/e” tense marker + act. pers. endings Audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītum audiam audiēs audiet audiēmus audiētis audient 1 st s 2 nd s 3 rd s 1 st p 2 nd p 3 rd p Capiō, capere, cēpī, captum capiam capiēs capiet capiēmus capiētis capient

16. Future Tense Marker: For 1 st & 2 nd conjugations = -bi-* For 3 rd & 4 th conjugations = -a-/-e- (A&5Es rule) Laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātum laudābōr laudāberis (-re) laudābitur laudābimur laudābiminī laudābuntur Fut. Ind. Act. = Pres. Stem + “bi” or “a/e” tense marker + passive pers. endings Ducō, ducere, duxī, ductum dūcar dūcēris (-re) dūcetur dūcēmur dūcēminī dūcentur 1 st s 2 nd s 3 rd s 1 st p 2 nd p 3 rd p

17. Future Tense Marker: For 1 st & 2 nd conjugations = -bi-* For 3 rd & 4 th conjugations = -a-/-e- (A&5Es rule) Moneō, monēre, monuī, monitum monēbor monēberis (-re) monēbitur monēbimur monēbiminī monēbuntur Fut. Ind. Act. = Pres. Stem + “bi” or “a/e” tense marker + passive pers. endings Audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītum audiar audiēris (-re) audiētur audiēmur audiēminī audientur 1 st s 2 nd s 3 rd s 1 st p 2 nd p 3 rd p Capiō, capere, cēpī, captum capiar capiēris (-re) capiētur capiēmur capiēminī capientur

18. The imperative mood is used to convey a direct command, such as: “Do it!” or “Go away!” (picture your boss or your instructor screaming at you) Imperatives in classical Latin are found mainly in the active voice of the present tense. A singular imperative is used to convey a direct command to a single person, while a plural imperative conveys a direct command to multiple people. The imperative mood of the present tense is formed using the present stem (including theme vowel) + Ø ending for the sing. and “-te” ending for the plural. NB: The present stem of the 3 rd io conjugation ends in a short ĭ, which will weaken in the singular imperative as it does in the pres. act. inf.: ĭ > e; The short ĕ of the 3 rd conjugation will also weaken to i for the plural imperative.

19. Sing. Pl. NB: There are also 4 important exceptions: the 4 monosyllabic singular imperatives: dīc! dūc! fac! and fer!, from dīcō, dūcō faciō, and ferō, respectively. These verbs form the singular imperative using the base alone (without theme vowel). These form their plural imperatives as expected. laudō laudā laudāte moneō monē monēte agō age agite audiō audī audīte capiō cape capite Present Imperat. SING. = present stem (including theme vowel) + Ø Present Imperat. PLUR. = present stem (including theme vowel) + “-te” NB: The present stem of the 3 rd io conjugation ends in a short ĭ, which will weaken in the singular imperative as it does in the pres. act. inf.: ĭ > e; The short ĕ of the 3 rd conjugation will also weaken to i for the plural imperative.