1. Federal Aviation Administration Visual Guidance Research and Development Presented to: 32nd Annual Eastern Region Airport Conference By: Donald Gallagher, Program Manager & Renee Williams, Project Manager Date: March 4, 2009

2. Federal Aviation Administration 2 Airport Safety Technology R&D Wildlife Hazard Mitigation Program Hazards Management, Bird Detection Radar Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting Program (ARFF) Agents, Vehicles New Large Aircraft Program (NLA) Airport Issues Concerning NLA Airport Design Program Airport Design Airport Planning Program Terminal Design Guidelines, Multimodal Access Airport Surface Operations Program Runway Friction, Soft Ground Arrestor System, Runway Deicing Visual Guidance Program Lighting, Marking, Signing

3. Federal Aviation Administration 3 Visual Guidance  Lighting  Signs  Markings

4. Federal Aviation Administration 4 Visual Guidance LED Implementation Issues

5. Federal Aviation Administration 5 Lighting Technologies  Light Emitting Diodes (LED) Standard Incandescent lights have been around for over 60 years. LEDs while not new, have finally achieved intensity levels to be considered for use on airports. NOT just another “light bulb” that can plug and play!

6. Federal Aviation Administration 6 Issues with Implementing LED Technology ICAO Visual Aids Working Group formed a Sub- Group on LED implementation on Aerodromes –Rapporteur: Alvin Logan Airport Safety Technology R&D hosted first meeting at the FAA Technical Center in April 2006. Sub-Group identified 11 issues to be resolved.

7. Federal Aviation Administration 7 FAA LED Working Group Lighting Systems Group, AJW-46 Approach Lighting Systems Airport Engineering Division, AAS-100 Airport Lighting Airport Safety Technology, AJP-6311 Visual Guidance, R&D

8. Federal Aviation Administration 8 Lighting Technologies  FAA LED Working Group: Consolidated into 8 Issues concerning the adoption of LED for use on Aerodromes.

9. Federal Aviation Administration 9 Issues with Implementing LED Technology Consolidated to 8 issues: 1.How will this technology interact if interspersed with standard incandescent lights? 2.How will this technology interact with present airport systems? 3.What are the impacts of intensity changes with LEDs? 4.Does the “narrow spectral band” of LED impact pilots with certain types of color deficient vision? 5.What is the impact of the reduced heat signature on the lens of LED fixtures with respect to lens contamination due to environmental conditions? 6.Can LEDs be seen on an enhanced vision display? 7.Are current photometric tests for incandescent lights valid for LEDs? 8.How is the operational failure of LED fixtures identified?

10. Federal Aviation Administration 10 Phasing out Incandescent Lamps The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 –Begins to phases out incandescent and halogen incandescent lamps in 2012 –Department of Energy (DOE) within five years is mandated to create an LED replacement for the PAR Type 38 halogen light –Probably will not be compatible with MALSR voltage levels The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 is available at: http://energy.senate.gov/public/_files/RL342941.pdf http://energy.senate.gov/public/_files/RL342941.pdf

11. Federal Aviation Administration 11 Issues with Implementing LED Technology Today’s Topic 1.How will this technology interact if interspersed with standard incandescent lights? 2.How will this technology interact with present airport systems? 3.What are the impacts of intensity changes with LEDs? 4.Does the “narrow spectral band” of LED impact pilots with certain types of color deficient vision? 5.What is the impact of the reduced heat signature on the lens of LED fixtures with respect to lens contamination due to environmental conditions? 6.Can LEDs be seen on an enhanced vision display? 7.Are current photometric tests for incandescent lights valid for LEDs? 8.How is the operational failure of LED fixtures identified?

12. Federal Aviation Administration 12 Some Issues with Implementing LED Technology Incandescent lamps generally produce energy as a small amount of light and a large amount of heat (IR). LEDs being a more efficient light source, produce more light compared to very little IR and not nearly enough to be detected by the EFVS systems currently certified.

13. Federal Aviation Administration 13 Some Issues with Implementing LED Technology Enhanced Flight Vision systems (EFVS) utilize the wasted energy in the form of IR generated by current incandescent lamps. Enables incandescent signal lights to be detected at further distances than is possible by the unaided eye under certain weather conditions such as fog and snow. Utilizing these systems, aircraft so equipped, may see the required cues (Approach Lights) to continue their approach at CAT I DH (200ft) when these lights are not visible to the human eye down to 100ft. This can potentially increase capacity at some airports.

14. Federal Aviation Administration 14 Airport Safety Technology R&D (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute’s Lighting Research Center (LRC)) Lighting Systems Group (Lighting Innovations Corp. (LIC)) Asked them to Consider: –IR Spectral Ranges –Atmospheric Effects (1.3 - 1.8 Microns and 3.4 - 4.2 Microns) –Sensor Sensitivity –Incandescent vs. LED Signal Lights –Solid state and low power IR Emitters Laser Diodes Photonic Crystals Kanthal Filaments LED/IR Research Projects

15. Federal Aviation Administration 15 Laser Diodes ~$45 per device, minimum 5 per fixture –1.3 – 1.5 Microns Monochromatic – May need several different wavelengths to provide adequate energy. Available in milliwatts to tens of watts. Higher wattage devices may need cooling. Narrow beam. Need several in an array. Lensing and diffusing is needed. Photonic Crystals ~$120 per device, minimum 8 per fixture –3 – 5 Microns and 8 – 12 Microns Available in milliwatts. Need an array to provide necessary output. Lensing is needed. Kanthal Filaments ~$90 per device, minimum 5 per fixture –Broadband sources centered near 2.4 Microns Available in milliwatts. Need several in an array. Lensing is needed. Infrared Devices

16. Federal Aviation Administration 16 Conclusions –No solid state IR sources can replicate the IR produced by an incandescent lamp. –EFVS camera sensitivity does not match the available solid state IR emitters. –Increasing IR output negates cost benefit of LED Lamps. –Decreases LED fixture reliability. –Increase power consumption. LED/IR Research Projects

17. Federal Aviation Administration 17 EFVS Systems Approach IR has never been a requirement for the lighting systems used to provide visual cues during for approach and maneuvering on the airport surface after landing. IR is currently a requirement for the EFVS operations. EFVS Concept of Operations should include all of the Runway Environment. Incorporate all Airport and Approach Lighting into the Systems Approach.

18. Federal Aviation Administration 18 Recommended Action Determine the minimum performance for EFVS with respect to IR requirements. Work with the EFVS manufacturers to flight test an IR based system that is independent of the visual system at the William J. Hughes Technical Center. Include Aircraft equipment, as well as, ground based IR emitter requirements in a EFVS Advisory Circular. Work with industry to develop other types of sensors not requiring IR.

19. Federal Aviation Administration 19 May not need emitters at every light position FAA MALSR Lighting System Runway Lighting Possible Configuration IR Emitters only

20. Federal Aviation Administration 20 Electrical Infrastructure Research Team (EIRT) A team of FAA and Industry experts formed to design an Airport Lighting Infrastructure to take full advantage of new lighting technologies.

21. Federal Aviation Administration 21 Electrical Infrastructure Research Team (EIRT) Goals A system that promotes interoperability. Reduced life cycle cost without dependence upon a single source. A standards-based, robust architecture airfield lighting system.

22. Federal Aviation Administration 22 Electrical Infrastructure Research Team (EIRT)  Held 4TH meeting in Atlantic City Nov. 2008. Circuits considered so far: –450 V, AC Parallel Circuit –1.4 Amp, DC Series Circuit –2.8 Amp, AC Series Circuit –PWM, DC Series Circuit

23. Federal Aviation Administration Elevated Runway Guard Lights Renee Williams

24. Federal Aviation Administration 24 ELEVATED RUNWAY GUARD LIGHT Most major airports implement Runway Guard Lights. –As a supplemental device used in conjunction with hold position markings and signs. –Due to operations under low visibility conditions –Hard-wired Runway Guard Lights Require Infrastructure –What about General Aviation (GA) airports?

25. Federal Aviation Administration 25 Elevated Runway Guard Lights General Aviation Airports –“Hot Spots” Pilots and drivers crossing the active runway unauthorized creating a runway incursion. –Problem with implementing Runway Guard lights is cost –New Technology

26. Federal Aviation Administration 26 Elevated Runway Guard Light –A prototype Solar-powered light emitting diode (LED) runway guard light unit was developed. FAA’s L-804 Lamp Housing Solar Panel –Initial evaluations were implemented at the Tech Center 24/7 Testing Different climate conditions –Field Testing Dupage Airport, Chicago Installed May 2008 Provo Airport, Provo, UT Installed May 2008

27. Federal Aviation Administration 27 Dupage Airport Installation

28. Federal Aviation Administration 28 Dupage Airport Installation

29. Federal Aviation Administration 29 Dupage Airport Installation

30. Federal Aviation Administration 30 Provo Airport Installation

31. Federal Aviation Administration 31 Elevated Runway Guard Light NEXT STEP –Collect pilot data (Surveys) –Monitor systems at both airports –Evaluation completed June 2009

32. Federal Aviation Administration 32 Minimum intensity for Incandescent Runway Guard Lights (RGL) Prior to 1996, the minimum luminous intensity requirement was 600 cd –Increased to 3000 cd based on results from 1996 study Flash rate was also increased from 30 cycles per minute to 45-50 cycles per minute –Study looked at 30, 48 & 60 flashes per minute

33. Federal Aviation Administration 33 Elevated Runway Guard Light Evaluation (ERGL)  Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute – Lighting Research Center Study Laboratory study completed 6/08. –Scope: Min. intensity for Incandescent Lamps and LEDs Recommendations for flash frequency for LED system Recommendations for duty cycle for LED system Impact of waveform profile shape for LED system

34. Federal Aviation Administration 34 Incandescent specifications Constant-current –6.6 A (100%) –5.5 A (30%) –4.8 A (10%) Weather –Clear day –Clear night Fog –Cat I: 2400 RVR to 1800 RVR –Cat II: 1800 RVR to 1200 RVR –Cat IIIa: 1200 RVR to 700 RVR –Cat IIIb: 700 RVR to 300 RVR 100 W (PK30D) quartz halogen lamps AC 150/5345-46C (2006)

35. Federal Aviation Administration 35 Duty Cycle Waveform Shape Flash Rate Intensity Reference Incandescent RGL More Conspicuous Identifiable as an RGL Area of Interest Experimental protocol

36. Federal Aviation Administration 36 Experimental outline Phase 1 – Identify minimum luminous intensity for incandescent RGL across all ambient conditions Phase 2 – Determine the optimum level for each variable (frequency, duty cycle, waveform, ambient condition) Phase 3 – Apply decreasing levels of intensity for each promising combination of variables at each ambient condition

37. Federal Aviation Administration 37 Experimental set-up  40:1 scaled apparatus –Based on using single 5mm LED to be equivalent to an 8-inch signal –Pilot eye height: 28 ft → 8.4 in –Viewing distance: 158 ft → 47.5 in –Taxiway width: 100 ft → 30 in –RGL from taxiway edge: 17 ft → 5.1 in

38. Federal Aviation Administration 38 Test Apparatus Foggy day setup Subject view

39. Federal Aviation Administration 39 Subject characterization Ten subjects for each trial Subject pool was fairly consistent across all trials Age range: 22 – 62 Visual acuity (binocular) Avg: 20/25 Minimum: 20/50 All subjects demonstrated normal color vision n=8n=2

40. Federal Aviation Administration 40 Technology-neutral specification  Results indicate that square waveform is more conspicuous than triangle or incandescent waveform  Intensity required will be based on combination of other factors (e.g., duty cycle and frequency combination)  LEDs can be “tuned” to offer these effective combinations (and energy savings) but other technologies may evolve to offer the same effectiveness

41. Federal Aviation Administration 41 Findings  It is not recommended that the current incandescent-based ERGL specification be changed.  LED ERGL intensities could be reduced.

42. Federal Aviation Administration 42 Recommendations  These values can be obtained by a combination of a selecting a square wave signal, flash rate, and on-time percentage.  The best flash rates & on-time percentages were: 1.25 Hz @ 70% or 2.50 Hz @ 30% LED ERGL Step Current Standard Recommended Value Step 3 (100%)3000 cd451-1128 cd Step 1 (10%)300 cd68-113 cd

43. Federal Aviation Administration 43 Moving Forward  Field study is needed to validate results before final recommendations are made.

44. Federal Aviation Administration Vertical Flight Renee Williams

45. Federal Aviation Administration 45 Vertical Flight BACKGROUND –Operations at heliports have increased substantially with the increase in Point-in-Space approaches to heliports. –The full benefits of operations to heliports can only be achieved if definitive guidance is provided on the issue of heliport visual cues. –Currently the Advisory Circular for Heliport is deficient in defining visual cues.

46. Federal Aviation Administration 46 Vertical Flight AC 150/5390-2B Heliport Design Guide

47. Federal Aviation Administration 47 Vertical Flight Deficiencies Standard for Perimeter Lights –The Heliport Design Guide States »“Flush green lights should define the TLOF perimeter” »“Green lights should define the perimeter of the load bearing FATO” –Doesn’t specify type of Fixture

48. Federal Aviation Administration 48 Vertical Flight  Develop improved specifications for Heliport Visual Aids to incorporate into the Heliport Design Guide  Refurbish current facility Replace “Vertiport” with two “Heliports” –STANDARD “Heliport” Completed –Experimental “Heliport” Completed

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54. Federal Aviation Administration 54 Vertical Flight First research project –Perimeter Lighting (Green) FATO and TLOF Intensity Photometrics Beamspread Other Technologies –LEDs

55. Federal Aviation Administration 55 Questions or Comments? Paul.Jones@faa.gov, Visual Guidance Sub-Team Mgr. Donald.Gallagher@faa.gov, Visual Guidance Program Mgr. Holly.Cyrus@faa.gov, Visual Guidance Engineer Jim.Patterson@faa.gov, Visual Guidance Engineer Renee.Williams@faa.gov, Visual Guidance Engineer www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov FAA William J. Hughes Technical Center Airport Safety Technology R&D AJP-6311, Building 296 Atlantic City International Airport, NJ 08405