Types of Medical Practice

Types of Medical Practice
Chapter 2 Types of Medical Practice PowerPoint® presentation to accompany: Medical Assisting Third Edition Booth, Whicker, Wyman, Pugh, Thompson

Learning Outcomes 2.1 Describe medical specialties and specialists.
2.2 Explain the purpose of the American Board of Medical Specialties. 2.3 Describe the duties of several types of allied health professionals with whom medical assistants may work. 2.4 Name professional associations that may help advance a medical assistant’s career.

Introduction Medical assistants are an integral part of the health-care team A working knowledge of specialties and allied health professionals enables the MA to function better as a member of the health-care team

Medical Specialties Cardiology Pediatrics Adult
Approximately 22 major medical specialties exist Specialized medical care is driven by advances in diagnosing and treating various diseases Note: Cardiology = specialty Pediatrics and Adult = subspecialty

Physician Education and Licensure
Bachelor’s Degree Graduate from an Accredited Medical School Pass the U.S. Medical Licensing Exam Complete 2–6 Years of Residency

Medical Specialists Specialist Functions Family Practice Allergist
Medical doctors that treat all conditions and age groups Also called general practitioners or primary care physicians by insurance companies Refers patients to specialists for specific diseases requiring specialized care Allergist Diagnoses and treats people with hypersensitivity to substances such as drugs, chemicals, and elements in nature

Medical Specialists (cont.)
Functions Anesthesiologist Administers medications that alter sensation and feelings during surgery Bariatrics Medical and surgical treatment of obesity Cardiologist Diagnoses and treats diseases of the heart and blood vessels Dermatologist Diagnoses and treats diseases of the skin, hair, and nails

Functions Doctor of Osteopathy Uses eyes and hands to identify structural problems and promote natural healing Emergency Medicine Physician Works in hospital emergency rooms Diagnoses and treats medical crises and accidents Endocrinologist Diagnoses and treats disorders of the endocrine system, which regulates many body functions

Functions Gastroenterologist Diagnoses and treats disorders related to the stomach, intestines, and other organs Gerontologist Diagnoses and treats problems and diseases affecting older adults Gynecologist Diagnoses and treats diseases of the female reproductive system Internist Diagnoses and treats problems related to internal organs

Functions Nephrologist Studies, manages, and diagnoses diseases of the kidney Neurologist Diagnoses and treats disorders and diseases of the nervous system Obstetrician Studies pregnancy, labor and delivery, and postpartum Oncologist Identifies and treats patients with cancer

Function Ophthalmologist Diagnoses and treats diseases and disorders of the eye Orthopedist Diagnoses and treats diseases and disorders of muscles and bones Otorhinolaryngogolist Diagnoses and treats ear, nose, and throat disorders Pathologist Studies bodily changes produced by disease processes

Function Pediatrician Diagnoses and treats childhood diseases Physiatrist Diagnoses and treats diseases and disorders with physical therapy Podiatrist Treats disorders of the foot Plastic Surgeon Performs reconstruction, correction, and improvement of body structures Radiologist/ Nuclear Medicine Uses x-rays and radioactive substances to diagnose and treat diseases

Function Sports Medicine Subspecialty of medicine dealing with treatment and preventative care of athletes Surgeon Uses hands and instruments to diagnose, correct, and treat injuries, diseases, and deformities Urologist Diagnoses and treats diseases of the kidneys, bladder, and urinary system

Apply Your Knowledge Name the medical specialists who would be involved in the care of a 6-month-old infant with massive burns over 90% of the body and indicate how each specialist will contribute to the care for this situation. ANSWER: The following specialists would be involved in the care of this patient: Pediatrician because of the age of the infant Plastic surgeon to perform skin grafting Dermatologist for skin, hair, and nail repair Emergency medicine for treatment during medical crisis Correct!

Health-Care Team Doctors Nurses PATIENT Specialists Medical Assistants
Knowing the duties of other health-care team members will help you be a more effective team member.

Allied Health Professionals
Discipline Function Acupuncturist Treats pain or discomfort by inserting thin, hollow needles under the skin to balance the opposing forces of yin and yang Based on Chinese beliefs

Allied Health Professionals (cont.)
Discipline Function Chiropractor Treats disorders without drugs or surgery by making adjustments to realign the vertebrae in the spine Is an independent practitioner Electroencephalographic (EEG) Technologist / Technician Electroencephalography is the study and recording of the brain’s electrical activity EEG technicians work in hospitals, physicians’ offices, and clinics

Discipline Function Electrocardiograph (ECG) Technician ECG technicians operate electrocardiograph machines that record the heart’s electrical impulses ECG technicians work in hospitals

Discipline Function Massage Therapist Promotes muscle and full body relaxation; increases circulation and lymph flow One of the oldest methods to promote healing Medical Administrative Assistant Provides administrative support to medical, professional, and technical personnel Transcribing dictation Composing correspondence Works in hospitals, clinics, etc.

Discipline Function Medical Billing and Coding Extraction and coding of medical information from patient records Preparation of insurance claims to maximize reimbursement and ensure ethical standards in the profession Medical Records Technologist Organizes, analyzes, and evaluates medical records Compiles administrative and health statistics, code symptoms, and inputs and retrieves computerized health data Registered Records Administrator (RRA) and Accredited Records Technician (ART) HCPCS CPT ICD-9

Discipline Function Medical Office Administrator / Manager Manages the practice of a physician or a group practice Coordinates records and filing Oversees office staff May also greet patients, make appointments, and perform general secretarial tasks Requires knowledge of Computer application software Advanced document processing skills Accounting

Discipline Function Medical Technology – includes: Clinical Laboratory Technician (CLT) Performs lab tests under supervision of physicians or medical technologists 1- or 2-year degree Works in hospital labs, clinics, etc. Medical Technologist Performs lab tests and procedures such as examining body fluids and tissues Has a 4-year degree Works in clinics, industry, hospitals, research, etc.

Discipline Function Medical Transcriptionist Translates a physician’s dictation into comprehensive, typed records Works in attorney offices, insurance companies, hospitals, physician offices, clinics, and laboratories Mental Health Technician (Psychiatric Aide or Counselor) Participates in supervising group therapy and counseling sessions Works with emotionally disturbed and mentally challenged patients Work settings include psychiatric clinics, crisis centers and shelters, hospital psychiatric units, and specialized nursing home settings

Discipline Function Nuclear Medicine Technologist Completes either a 2-year or 4-year program Works in hospitals, physician offices, or public health institutions Duties include: Overseeing quality control Preparing and administering radioactive drugs Operating radiation detection instruments Positioning patients Performing imaging procedures

Discipline Function Occupational Therapist Helps patients attain maximum physical and mental health through the use of educational, vocational, and rehabilitation activities Has a 4-year degree plus 9- to 12-month internship at an accredited hospital Work settings include: Hospital Government agency Rehabilitation hospital

Discipline Function Pharmacy Dispensing of medications and health supplies Employment in hospitals, clinics, nursing homes, pharmaceutical companies, or private or chain pharmacies Three levels of educational training for pharmacy careers Pharmacist Technician (CPhT) - 2 year programs Registered Pharmacist (RPh) - 5 years of college Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) - 6 to 7 years of college with residency

Discipline Function Phlebotomist Draws blood for diagnostic laboratory testing Receives advanced phlebotomy training that allows him/her to draw blood under difficult circumstances Most states require phlebotomists to be certified by the National Phlebotomy Association or registered by the American Society of Clinical Pathologists

Discipline Function Physical Therapist (PT) Has a bachelor’s degree in physical therapy and must pass a state board examination May work in hospitals, rehabilitation centers, outpatient clinics, private practice, or sports medicine center Improves patient functioning by using: Electricity, heat, and cold Ultrasound and massage Exercise

Discipline Function Physician Assistant (PA) Provides direct patient care under the supervision of a licensed physician Training requirements vary; many states require certification and registration with the state medical board Works in a variety of settings: private practice, nursing homes, hospitals, etc. Some states allow PAs to write prescriptions

Discipline Function Radiographer (X-ray Technician) Assists a radiologist in taking x-ray films May be employed in hospitals, physicians’ offices, clinics, government agencies, etc. Radiographic Technologist Trained in x-ray theory and practical applications as well as radioactive materials May specialize in radiation therapy, radiography, or nuclear medicine Works in hospitals, clinics, medical laboratories, and medical practices

Discipline Function Registered Dietitian Also called nutritionist Assists patients and family with nutrition planning May prepare and serve food to groups Work settings include: Community health agencies Hospitals Clinics Private practices Teaching and consulting

Discipline Function Respiratory Therapist Works under the supervision of a physician Works in hospitals, physicians’ offices, nursing homes, and commercial companies Evaluates, treats, and cares for patients with respiratory problems such as: Asthma Emphysema Pneumonia Bronchitis

Nursing Careers Training Sample Duties Nursing Aide/ Assistant
1 week to 3 months Bed making Vital signs Bathing patients Practical/ Vocational Nurse (LPN, LVN) 1 year Medication administration Dressing changes Assists registered nurses and physicians

Registered Nurse (RN) Title Training Associate Degree RN (ADN) 2 years
Diploma RN 3 years Baccalaureate RN (BSN) 4 years

Nursing Careers Title Function Registered Nurse (RN)
RN designation once state boards are passed Responsible for planning, providing, and supervising bedside care of patients Work settings include Hospitals, nursing homes, and physicians’ offices Public health agencies and government agencies Educational settings

Nursing Careers (cont.)
Title Function Nurse Practitioner (NP) An RN that functions in an expanded role Requires a minimum of a Master’s degree and 4 to 12 months of formal training or an apprenticeship Duties include: Physical examinations Treating common illnesses and injuries Many states allow NPs to write prescriptions Patient education

Apply Your Knowledge If you had to choose other health-care team members to plan the care for a 68-year-old patient recently diagnosed with a stroke, who has a history of seizure disorders, which would you choose, and why? ANSWER: The health-care team members that might participate in this patient’s care are: Physical therapist for decreased mobility due to stroke Pharmacist to review medications Nutritionist for dietary evaluation and possible modifications EEG technician to perform EEG for brain electrical activity Nursing staff (RN, LPN, CNA) Other health-care professionals will also be part of the team! Good Job!

Specialty Career Options for MAs
Require additional education or training Many options available – check: Local and medical college libraries State employment agencies Health career opportunities in local newspapers Directly with companies where you might seek employment

Specialty Career Options (cont.)
Function Anesthetist’s Assistant Provides anesthetic care under direct supervision of the anesthetist Works in hospitals and high-technology surgical centers Assists in evaluating patient mental and physical status Certified Laboratory Assistant Performs lab procedures such as bacteriology, chemistry, hematology, parasitology, serology, and urinalysis Supervised by medical technologists or hospital pathologists Works in labs, clinics, physicians’ offices, etc.

Function Dental Assistant Can practice without formal education or training Performs both administrative and lab functions Works in private practice, clinics, schools, local health agencies, and for insurance companies Emergency Medical Technician / Paramedic Referred to as an EMT Trained to triage patients and follow instructions from a physician Works for an ambulance service or in fire department, hospital emergency room, or private industry

Function Occupational Therapist Assistant Supervised by occupational therapists Teaches fine motor skills, occupations, and the arts to patients with mental and physical disabilities Earns a 2-year degree Ophthalmic Assistant Assists ophthalmologists Performs simple vision testing and other procedures Three ophthalmic career levels: Technologist Technician ,Assistant

Function Pathologist Assistant Supervised by a pathologist Some work with forensic and/or anatomic pathologists Performs laboratory duties and some administrative functions Pediatric Medical Assistant Assists the pediatrician with administrative and clinical duties Works in private practice, hospitals, and clinics

Function Pharmacy Technician Performs routine tasks related to record keeping and preparing and dispensing medications Works in hospitals, pharmaceutical firms, and wholesale pharmacies Physical Therapy Assistant Works directly under the physical therapist Performs tests and treatment procedures Observes and documents patient responses to therapy Works in hospitals, rehabilitation centers, nursing homes, etc.

Function Radiation Therapy Technologist Assists the radiologist Maintains radiation treatment equipment Completes a 2-or 4-year education program Works in hospitals, labs, clinics, and physicians’ offices Respiratory Therapy Technician Works under supervision of physician and respiratory therapist Performs artificial ventilation and maintains respiratory equipment Works in hospitals, physician offices, nursing homes, etc.

Function Speech / Language Pathologist Evaluates, diagnoses, and counsels patients with communication problems like stuttering Usually has a Master’s Degree Works in schools, hospitals, research settings, or private practice Surgical Technician Completes a 2-year or 4-year degree Provides patient services under direct supervision of a surgeon Performs diagnostic and therapeutic procedures Works primarily in hospitals

Professional Associations
Involvement in issues and activities relevant to your profession Opportunities for continuing education

Professional Associations (cont.)
American Association of Medical Assistants (AAMA) American Association for Medical Transcription (AAMT) American College of Physicians (ACP) American Hospital Association (AHA) American Medical Association (AMA)

Professional Associations (cont.)
American Medical Technologist (AMT) American Pharmaceutical Association (APhA) American Society of Clinical Pathologists (ASCP) American Society of Phlebotomy Technicians (ASPI)

JCAHO Non-profit organization
Goal is to maintain and elevate the standards of health-care delivery by health-care organizations Evaluation Accreditation Accreditation is significant factor in gaining reimbursement from Medicare and managed care organizations

Council of Ethical and Judicial Affairs (CEJA)
Develops policy for the AMA Addresses timely ethical issues Maintains and updates the AMA Code of Ethics Comprehensive ethics guide for physicians

Apply Your Knowledge Which of the professional organizations listed below are primarily for the role(s) of medical assistants? AMA ASCP x ANSWER: AAMT AAMA AHA ACP AMT APhA Right Answer!

In Summary Career options for medical assistants
Offices of specialists and subspecialists Specialty career options Professional organizations Information about issues and activities Medical assisting field Specialty or subspecialty of employer Benefits to members

The End End of Chapter 2 They go the extra mile. They give their hearts, and lead with great minds. —Sharon Hudacek From A Daybook for Nurses: Making a Difference Each Day

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