2. Cold Rush – a play of words on the Alaskan Gold Rush Cold War – War of ideology beginning after WW II between US (capitalism) and the former Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics, or the Soviet Union (communism). Northern Front – refers to the Arctic border between North America and the Russian republics.

5. The New Cold War, the Northern Front, the Cold Rush Political conflict over access to newly available resources and navigation routes as Arctic sea ice declines – Navigation routes – Oil and natural gas drilling – New fisheries

6. Be able to label/identify map the twelve features in red boxes

7. Northwest Passage and Northeast Passage (aka Northern Sea Route) Connect Atlantic and Pacific Now more seasonally navigable NWP has even recently accommodated passenger ships, Canada considers NW Passages their Internal Waters, but US and some European countries maintain say they are international strait or transit passage, allowing free and unencumbered passage

8. Northeast Passage

10. The ocean politics of Arctic ‘Donut hole’ of the Arctic: area of international waters beyond the 200 nautical mile (350 km) Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of each Arctic country’s territorial waters EEZ gives country access to marine resources and is often taken to be synonymous with their continental shelf

11. Arctic territorial EEZ waters and international waters

12. The Arctic continental shelf

13. Emerging Arctic fisheries Fishing in international waters regulated by the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) Requires that countries cooperate in conservation and management of fish stocks in international waters. Arctic Ocean has no existing regional agreement to regulate commercial fishing.

14. Emerging Arctic fisheries US has put a moratorium on Arctic Ocean fishing within their EEZ There is an informal international moratorium on fishing until fisheries can be assessed Pressure for fishing high because of increased global deman

19. Ecological changes in the Arctic Ocean More sunlight is able to penetrate through thinner ice and meltponds Sunlight stimulates photosynthesis and primary production Change in types of algae and phytoplankton growing underneath ice and in water Different types and biomasses of primary producers may cascade through trophic web influence abundance and distribution of primary and secondary consumers like shellfish and fish "

24. Fleets of large factory processors range the world for protein sources. For example, factory trawlers from east Asian ports travel 12,000 kilometers (7,500 miles) to catch krill near Antarctica. Yet international waters of the Central Arctic Ocean that were ice-free in September 2012 are only 8,000 kilometers (5,000 miles) from those ports. Without a new international fisheries agreement for the Central Arctic Ocean, there are no legal impediments to fishing there.

27. The Sea Floor Stampede 90 billion barrels of oil and 1,660 trillion cubic feet of natural gas remain untapped in the Arctic. Russia is the first to move offshore into Arctic Ocean waters Drilling is protested because of – Arduous weather conditions – Limited ability to clean up spills when ice is present – Human presence in natural habitats is minimal

31. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) After initial draft in 1982, countries could join through ratification UNCLOS gave countries ten years from the date they ratified to substantiate their claim to the sea floor of their continental shelf beyond EEZ Countries fronting the Arctic Ocean and their deadlines: Canada (2013), Denmark (2014), Norway (2006), and the Russian Federation (2007) US has not ratified the legitimacy of the UNCLOS

32. If the sea bed is an extension of the continental shelf of the country, then that country can claim exclusive rights to the sea bottom and resources below the bottom. 200 nautical mile Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) still valid but only pertains to fish in water column and surface waters Sea floor claims do not extend a state's EEZ Countries must copious scientific evidence to show that the seabed in question is indeed their continental shelf. Final approval is to be done by UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf

33. UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf Claims can be incipient (temporary) and not final May be 2019 before there is a verdict on Arctic. Commission must rule on everything from the geological (is the sedimentary composition correct?) to the metaphysical (what determines whether an island can be inhabited and thus part of a territory?) Rulings can be challenged through the Court of the Hague Commission in danger of being overwhelmed, or at least judged irrelevant by more militaristic and imperialistic countries.

35. Russia 2001 Russia filed a claim to the continental shelf as far as the North Pole based on the Lomonosov Ridge within their Arctic sector. UNCLOS neither approved or denied this claim but requested time to study it.

36. Russia In August 2007 Russian scientists sent a submarine to the Arctic Ocean to gather data in support of Russia's claim that the North Pole is part of the Russian continental shelf. Planted flag at the North Pole Provoked a hostile reaction from other Arctic countries prompted media speculation about a "new Cold War" over the resources of the Arctic.

38. Canada Submitted a claim in 2013 but is not final

39. Canadian Rangers training for Arctic warfare

41. Russian submarine in the Arctic

43. Dew (Distant Early Warning) Line

44. Denmark Owns Greenland – Initially claimed that the Lomonosov Ridge is in fact an extension of Greenland and filed new claim in Nov 2013

45. USA Accede to the Law of the Sea Convention – Accession would protect U.S. rights, freedoms, and uses of the sea and airspace throughout Arctic region, and strengthen our arguments for freedom of navigation and overflight through the Northwest Passage and the Northern Sea Route. The US is only Arctic state not a party to the Convention. Only by joining can we maximize legal certainty and best secure international recognition of our sovereign rights with respect to the U.S. extended continental shelf in the Arctic and elsewhere, which may hold vast oil, gas, and other resources. Work through the Arctic Council to advance U.S. interests in the Arctic Region

47. Arctic Council Members are indigenous peoples of the Arctic along with citizens of Canada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, USA The Arctic Council admitted China as an observer member in 2013, along with India, Italy, Japan, Singapore and South Korea.

52. Summary Politics key to outcome of opening of the Arctic and how environmental change will proceed Key questions are whether economic imperatives will wait for international deliberation and rule making and how will enforcement be handled Declining oil fields globally make drilling a likely outcome Need a treaty like the Antarctic Treaty of 1959 Other countries increasingly exerting their influence through involvement with the Arctic Council So far, no military conflict, but most of the Arctic states have also asserted their right to defend their offshore territories with force and have taken steps to enhance their ability to fight in these areas