Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
1
Formation of chemical bonds
The role of electrons
2
Learning objectives Describe the octet rule
Predict number of valence electrons on atom Write Lewis dot structures for atoms and ions Predict ionic charges Predict composition of simple ionic compounds Describe difference between ionic and covalent bonds Describe differences between ionic and covalent compounds Predict when ionic or covalent compounds are formed Describe a polar bond
3
Driving force for bonds
Chemical bonds make atoms more stable than they are if non-bonded Bond formation involves changes in the electrons on two atoms Electron transfer Electron sharing
4
Noble gases provide clues
5
The Octet Rule: Happiness is a filled shell
All elements strive to become a noble gas, at least as far as the electrons are concerned. Filling the outer shell – 8 electrons Achieve this by adding electrons Or taking them away
6
The valence shell Valence electrons: Core electrons:
Only the electrons in the outer shell matter Core electrons: Filled inner shells don’t participate Filled valence shells means no bond formation – noble gases Unfilled shells mean reactivity
7
Lewis dot model The nucleus and all of the core electrons are represented by the element symbol The valence electrons are represented by dots – one for each electron Number of dots in Lewis model is equal to group number (in 1 – 8 system)
8
Remember this simple rule!!
Number of dots in Lewis model is equal to group number (in 1 – 8 numbering system)
9
Filled shells by gain or loss of electrons
Gain electron – outer shell full Lose electron – inner shell full
10
Rules to predict ion charge
Cation Charge = group number Anion Charge = - (8 - group number) Practice with a few examples
11
Cation loses electrons
Ionic bonding Transfer of electrons Create one positive ion – cation One negative ion – anion Cation loses electrons Anion gains electrons
12
Sodium chloride provides example
Na loses electron Cl gains electron
13
Composition depends on ionic charge (group number)
Charges must balance: compounds are neutral – ions are charged Total cation charges = total anion charges One Ca two F-
14
A B Determining formulae Overall charge must be neutral
Metal ion first, nonmetal ion second Coefficient of metal = charge on nonmetal Coefficient of nonmetal = charge on metal x and y are shown with lowest common denominator in most cases. Calcium oxide is CaO not Ca2O2 y+ x- A B x y
15
Properties of ionic compounds
Hard, rigid solids at room temperature High melting point Dissolve in polar solvents (if soluble) Solutions conduct electricity Melts conduct electricity Closely packed dense structures
16
The ionic model works well for metals and non-metals
What about compounds between non-metals CO, PCl3 and diatomic elements like H2, N2, O2, F2 Formation of negative ion is favourable Formation of a positive ion will be very unfavourable (remember Lewis dot structure)
17
Covalent bonding involves electron sharing
Covalent bond is net result of attractive and repulsive electrostatic forces. Nucleus – electron attractions (blue arrows) are greater than nucleus – nucleus and electron – electron repulsions (red arrows).
18
Sharing two electrons effectively doubles the count
Each atom wants 8 Alone each has seven Together each one has eight 14 electrons appear to become 16 Single covalent bond
19
Covalent bonds between unlike elements
Oxygen requires eight – shares two with H atoms Hydrogen requires two – each shares one with O
20
Lewis dot structures In going from G4 – G7, a H atom is replaced by a lone pair of electrons The total number of electrons is equal to the sum of all the valence electrons The total number of electrons remains the same – 8 Each atom has a complete octet
21
Multiple bonds are a feature
O2 and N2 do not achieve octets by sharing two Must share more electrons O2 has double bond N2 has triple bond – one of the strongest in chemistry N2 is very stable and unreactive – also the major product from explosives
22
Bond order increases as electron total decreases
Molecule Group number Total number of electrons Bond order F-F 7 14 1 O=O 6 12 2 N≡N 5 10 3
23
Properties of covalent compounds
Gases, liquids and solids at room temperature May be hard or soft (diamond is a covalent solid) Dissolve in polar and non-polar solvents, depending on molecule’s polarity Solutions and melts do not conduct electricity Most covalent compounds are molecular
24
What is this polarity? The ionic bond and the equally shared covalent bond are the two extremes of chemical bonding Ionic - complete transfer of charge Covalent - equal sharing of charge Many bonds are somewhere between Atoms of different elements have different attraction for electrons
25
Enter electronegativity
The degree to which an atom attracts electrons towards itself in a bond with another atom Highly electronegative atoms attract electrons; weakly electronegative atoms do not
26
Table of electronegativity
Most electronegative Least electronegative
27
Polar bonds and polar molecules
Any bond containing different elements will be polar to some degree Molecules contain several bonds Molecular polarity depends on how the bonds are arranged A molecule may contain polar bonds and be itself non-polar We need to understand the molecular structure…
28
Diatomic molecules are easy
29
Beyond diatomics More complicated molecules demand knowledge of the molecular shape The next frontier…
Similar presentations
© 2025 SlidePlayer.com. Inc.
All rights reserved.