1. Translation (Protein Synthesis) RNA  protein

2. Making a protein Many RNAs needed –mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

3. Messenger RNA (mRNA) Carries coded instructions for protein synthesis (translation) –From the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome

4. The genetic code Codons –instructions for making a protein, a series of three nucleotides on the mRNA –Each codon signifies start, stop, or an amino acid

5. The genetic code

6. Transfer RNA (tRNA) Brings amino acids to the ribosome so it can build proteins It has Anticodons –3 nucleotide sequence complementary to the mRNA codon

7. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Makes up ribosomes

8. Making a protein mRNA from nucleus Through cytoplasm to the ribosome mRNA start codon AUG signals beginning of protein

9. Making a protein tRNA with the complementary anticodon carries amino acid (a.a.) to bind to the codon

10. Making a protein Enzymes help form peptide bonds between amino acids This continues until a stop codon is reached Protein is released into the cell Watch This one too!

11. Do we need new mRNA every time? NO The same mRNA may be used to make many copies of the same protein.

12. Mutations Point mutation –Change in one or a few nucleotides

13. Mutations Substitution –can have no effect –Protein could not be made –Protein made w/ wrong amino acid (nonfunctional protein)

14. Mutations Insertions/deletions –1 or more nucleotides added or deleted –Can result in frame shift mutations