1. Agenda: Warm-up: Explain the solvation process
Homework:
New Element Project
Agenda:
Warm-up: Explain the solvation process
Review – terms, importance, “likes dissolve likes”
Solubility Curves
What can they tell us about solutions?
Measuring concentration of solutions

2. Warm-up: Solvation Process
Explain what is happening when an ionic compound is dissolved in water (called solvation or hydration)
View the video - what are key steps that need?
How does the water molecules interact with the ionic compound?

3. a. Making Solutions: Molecules (Covalent compounds)
General Rule: “Likes dissolve likes”
Polar solutes can dissolve in polar solvents.
Examples:

4. Organic solvents Non-polar solute can dissolve in non-polar solvents
Examples:
To remove oily stains in dry-cleaning
Lipids will dissolve in hydrocarbon
To clean oil based paints
To manufacture plastics, man-made fibers, adhesives

5. Solution process

6. Solution process Animations

7. b. Making Solutions: Factors that impact the solubility of solids in liquids
Energy is involved – 2 steps
Endothermic to separate solute & solvent particles
Exothermics – attraction between solvent & solute particles
Factors affecting solids dissolving in liquids
General trend to increase solubility
Chemical components of solute and solvent
Intermolecular forces
High attraction between solute and solvent particles
Temperature
Particle size
Agitation (amount of stirring)

8. c. Measuring Concentration
Solubility: number of grams of solute in 100 grams of water at 20℃
Solubility Curves
Saturated solutions
Unsaturated
Supersaturated

9. Interpreting solubility curves
Y axis
X axis
Lines
If the amount needed is more or less than 100 g of H₂O
1 g H₂0 = 1 mL H₂0

10. c. Making solutions: Factors that affect the solubility of gases in liquids
Think about soda (carbonated drinks)
Factors affecting gases
General trends to increase solubility
Temperature
Pressure

11. Solubility Rules determined under specified concentration (often 0
Solubility Rules determined under specified concentration (often 0.1% molarity)
Category
Ions
Except with these ions
Examples
Soluble cations
Group 1 ions and ammonium, NH4+
No exceptions
Na2CO3, LiOH, and (NH4)2S are soluble.
Soluble anions
NO3- and C2H3O2-
Bi(NO3)3, and Co(C2H3O2)2 are soluble.
Usually soluble anions
Cl-, Br-, and I-
Soluble:
Exceptions: Ag+ and Pb2+
CuCl2 is water soluble, but AgCl is insoluble.
SO42-
Soluble
Exceptions: Ba2+ and Pb2+
FeSO4 is water soluble, but BaSO4 is insoluble.
Usually insoluble anions
CO32-, PO43-, and OH-
Insoluble:
Exceptions: group 1 elements and NH4+
CaCO3, Ca3(PO4)2, and Mn(OH)2 are insoluble in water, but (NH4)2CO3, Li3PO4, and CsOH are soluble.

12. d. Measuring Concentrations
Molarity (M) by definition =
Molarity = Moles of solute
1 Liter of solution
Therefore: 2 molar solution = __________________
Discovery Education video
Standard Deviants School Chemistry: solutions & dilutions

13. Molarity: moles of solute liters of solution

14. Molarity problems M= moles_______ 1 Liter solution
What I s the molarity of a solution in which 58 gram of NaCl are dissolved in 1.0 L of solution?
What is the molarity of a solution in which 10.0 grams of silver I nitrate is dissolved in 500 mL of solution?
How many grams of potassium nitrate should be used to prepare a 2.0 L of a 0.5 molar solution?

15. Steps needed in molarity calculations
Moles
For grams:
Liters of solution
If less than 1L ? mL = 1L
Comparison __________ = moles of solute
1 liter of solution

16. Molarity practice
To what volume should 5.0 g of KCl be diluted in order to prepare a 0.25M solution?
How many grams of copper II sulfate – penta hydrate are needed to prepare 100 mL of a 0.10M solution?

17. 9g. Dilution of concentrated solutions: V₁M₁= V₂M₂
Molarity by dilution practice problems
Most reagents are sold & sorted in concentrated solutions
How much concentrated 18M sulfuric acid is needed to prepare 250mL of a 6.0M solution?
How much concentrated 12M hydrochloric acid is needed to prepare 100 mL of a 2.0 M solution?

18. To what volume should 25 mL of 15 M nitric actid be diluted to prepare a 3.0 M solution?
To how much water should 50 mL of 12 M hydrochloric acid be added to produce a 4.0 M solution?
To how much water should 100 mL of 18M sulfuric acid be added to prepare 1.5 M solution?

19. Colligative Properties
The properties of the solution that depend on the number of particles in solution, not the identity of the solute.
The solvent properties will be changed.
NaCl
CaCl₂
AlCl₃
Melting point depression; boiling point elevation;
Vapor pressure lowering

20. Resources http://www.karentimberlake.com/solution.htm

21. Solution process