1. Women, Families, & Children Chapter 12 Does gender communication differ within different cultures? Does the status of women varies among cultures?

2. Language & Gender Nushu (Chinese) Japanese (“wa” & “na”) Gender roles are learned Feelings, thoughts, & actions are tied to cultural expectations

3. Status of Women Human Development Index (HDI) Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)

4. Status of Women Education & Literacy Life expectancy Economics Violence Political Participation Laws

5. A Comparison of the Status of Women By Countries Nordic Countries China Japan South Korea India Sub-Sahara Africa Arab Countries

6. Status of Families Nuclear Extended Exogamy Endogamy Todd’s family types

7. Status of Marriage Qualities all cultures desire in a mate Preferences for collective cultures: bride & bridegroom Divorce

8. Status of Children Historically 1989 Rights of the Child Mortality & malnourished Child labor

9. Two Ways to Understanding Intercultural Communication: Ethnography and Cultural Ethnography “writing of culture” Requires an extended period of residence & study in a community Direct observation, reporting & evaluation of cultural behavior Observation in natural setting An analysis of cultural patterns to develop a theory of the rules for appropriate behavior

11. Cultural is the second way to understand intercultural communication The cultural approach seeks to develop an ideal personification of the culture, And then us it to explain the actions of individuals in the culture. Example: Aboriginal style = consensus

12. Six Barriers (stumbling block) to Intercultural Communication Anxiety Assuming Similarity Ethnocentrism Stereotypes Prejudice Nonverbal misinterpretations Language