2. LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS THE CARIBBEAN PART 1: FLOODS AND LANDSLIDES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

3. NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN THE CARIBBEAN BASIN FLOODS WINDSTORMS EARTHQUAKES VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRAD- ATION GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE HIGH BENEFIT/COST PROGRAMS FOR BECOMING DISASTER RESILIENT GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES

4. NOTE: SEVERE WINDSTORMS WILL BE COVERED IN PART 2; EARTHQUAKES IN PART 3, and VOLCANOES IN PART 4

5. Flooding and Landslides: Associated With Persistent Rain and Severe Windstorms Planet Earth’s atmospheric- hydrospheric- lithospheric interactions create situations favor- able for SEVERE WINDSTORMS, FLOODING, and LANDSLIDES.

6. THE CARIBBEAN BASIN

7. The Caribbean: long referred to as the West Indies, includes more than 7,000 islands; of these, 13 are independent island countries

8. CARIBBEAN ISLANDS Aruba, Barbados, Bahamas, Bonaire, Cayman Islands, Saint Croix, and Antigua

9. CARIBBEAN ISLANDS Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Jamaica,,Dominica, Montserrat, Saba, Saint Kitts, Saint Lucia, Saint Thomas, Saint John, Tortola, Grenada, Saint Vincent, Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Trinidad and Tobago

10. THE SEVERE WINDSTORM HAZARDS (WHICH INCLUDE FLOODS AND LANDSLIDES) ARE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS

11. HAZARDS OF A SEVERE WINDSTORM (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS) WIND FIELD FLOODING FROM STORM SURGE FLOODING FROM HEAVY PRECIPITATION LANDSLIDES (MUDFLOWS) COSTAL EROSION TORNADOES (SOMETIMES)

12. WIND PENETRATING BUILDING ENVELOPE SEVERE WINDSTORMS UPLIFT OF ROOF SYSTEM FLYING DEBRIS STORM SURGE IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN SITING PROBLEMS FLOODING AND LANDSLIDES CAUSES OF DAMAGE “DISASTER LABORATORIES”

13. Flooding, the most common natural hazard, is “the silent killer” and “annual barrier to development” in the Caribbean

14. LOSS OF FUNCTION OF STRUCTURES IN FLOODPLAIN FLOODS INUNDATION INTERACTION WITH HAZARDOUS MATERIALS STRUCTURAL/CONTENTS DAMAGE FROM WATER WATER BORNE DISEASES (HEALTH PROBLEMS) EROSION AND MUDFLOWS CONTAMINATION OF GROUND WATER CAUSES OF RISK CASE HISTORIES

15. SITING AND BUILDING ON UNSTABLE SLOPES LANDSLIDES SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO FALLS SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO TOPPLES SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO SPREADS SOIL AND ROCK SUSCEPTIBLE TO FLOWS PRECIPITATION THAT TRIGGERS SLOPE FAILURE SHAKING GROUND SHAKING THAT TRIGGERS SLOPE FAILURE CAUSES OF DAMAGE CASE HISTORIES

16. ELEMENTS OF RISK AND DISASTER

17. HAZARDSHAZARDS ELEMENTS OF FLOOD & LANDSLIDE RISK EXPOSUREEXPOSURE VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY LOCATIONLOCATION RISKRISK

18. A DISASTER CAN HAPPEN WHEN THE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF A FLOOD OR LANDSLIDE INTERACT WITH A CARIBBEAN NATION’S COMMUNITIES

20. A DISASTER is --- --- the set of failures that overwhelm the capability of a community to respond without external help when three continuums: 1) people, 2) community (i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) complex events (e.g., windstorms, floods,…) intersect at a point in space and time.

21. Disasters are caused by s ingle- or multiple-event natural hazards that, (for various reasons), cause extreme levels of mortality, morbidity, homelessness, joblessness, economic losses, or environmental impacts.

22. THE REASONS ARE... When it does happen, the functions of the community’s buildings and infrastructure will be LOST because they are UNPROTECTED with the appropriate measures, codes and standards.

23. THE REASONS ARE... The community is UN- PREPARED for what will likely happen, not to mention the low-probability of occurrence— high-probability of adverse consequences event.

24. THE REASONS ARE... The community has NO DISASTER PLANNING SCENARIO or WARNING SYSTEM in place as a strategic framework for early threat identification and coordinated local, national, regional, and international countermeasures.

25. THE REASONS ARE... The community LACKS THE CAPACITY TO RESPOND in a timely and effective manner to the full spectrum of expected and unexpected emergency situations.

26. THE REASONS ARE... The community is INEFFICIENT during recovery and reconstruction because it HAS NOT LEARNED from either the current experience or the cumulative prior experiences.

27. THE MAY 2004 RAIN- FLOOD-LANDSLIDE EVENT IN THE CARIBBEAN AN EXAMPLE OF WHAT PROLONGED RAINFALL CAN DO

28. LOCATION The May 2004 Caribbean floods took place mainly in Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and in Northern Puerto Rico from May 18, 2004 to May 25, 2004.

29. LOCATION

30. CAUSE The floods were caused by over two weeks of persistent rain in the Caribbean, with over 10 inches (25 cm) of rain falling in Haiti and in the Dominican Republic. The “killer” landslides occurred on the rain-saturated slopes.

31. IMPACTS The floods caused considerable damage in the Dominican Republic and Haiti, with over 1,300 homes being destroyed; 2,000 people were killed by drowning and landslides triggered by the flooding.

32. IMAGES OF PAST FLOODING AND LANDSLIDES IN THE CARIBBEAN NOTE: SOME OF THE POOREST OF THE POOR HAVE BEEN ADVERSELY IMPACTED

33. HYRRICANE SANDY KILLS 41 IN CARIBBEAN: OCT 2012

34. HAITI: AFTER HURRICANE SANDY; OCTOBER 2012

35. HAITI: FLOODING AFTER HURRICANE TOMAS; 2010

36. HAITI: 2004

37. JAMAICA: AFTER HURRICANE SANDY; OCTOBER 2012

38. JAMAICA

39. SAINT LUCIA

41. SAINT LUCIA: LANDSLIDE

42. SAINT LUCIA: SEARCH AND RESCUE

43. SANTO DOMINGO

44. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

45. THE ALTERNATIVE TO A FLOOD DISASTER OR A LANDSLIDE DISASTER IS DISASTER RESILIENCE

46. CARIBBEAN NATION’S COMMUNITIES DATA BASES AND INFORMATION HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS FLOOD/LANDSLIDE HAZARDS INVENTORY VULNERABILITY LOCATION RISK ACCEPTABLE RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK DISASTER RESILIENCE DISASTER RESILIENCE PREPAREDNESS PROTECTION FORECASTS/SCENARIOS EMERGENCY RESPONSE RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION POLICY OPTIONS

47. LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE FLOODS & LAND- SLIDES PREPAREDNESS FOR ALL THE LIKELY HAZARDS IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

48. LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE FLOODS & LAND- SLIDES TECHNOLOGIES THAT FACILITATE THREAT IDENTI- FICATION AND EARLY WARNING IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

49. LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE FLOODS & LAND- SLIDES TIMELY EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

50. FLOODS AND LANDSLIDES IN THE CARIBBEAN ARE INEVITABLE ---SO, DON’T WAIT FOR ANOTHER REMINDER OF THE IMPORTANCE OF BECOMING DISASTER RESILIENT.

51. STRATEGIC COLLABORATION (i.e., WORKING TOGETHER FOR A COMMON GOAL) TO MOVE TOWARDS DISASTER RESILIENCE

52. STRATEGIES FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE PURPOSE MONITORING FOR FORECASTS, THREAT IDENTIFICATION, WARNING, AND EVACUATION PURPOSE MONITORING FOR FORECASTS, THREAT IDENTIFICATION, WARNING, AND EVACUATION TECHNIQIE DOPPLER RADAR; SATTELITES; INTL SPACE STATION; STRAIN METER ARRAYS; FORECAST MODELS TECHNIQIE DOPPLER RADAR; SATTELITES; INTL SPACE STATION; STRAIN METER ARRAYS; FORECAST MODELS

53. WARNING: SEPT. 3, 2012

54. A FORECAST: JUNE 25, 2010

55. STRATEGIES FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE PURPOSE LAND USE CONTROL COMMUNITY FLOOD PROTECTION LANDSLIDE PREVENTION PURPOSE LAND USE CONTROL COMMUNITY FLOOD PROTECTION LANDSLIDE PREVENTION TECHNIQIE FLOOD AND SLOPE ZONE MANAGE- MENT SANDBAGGING, DIKES, LEVEES, AND DAMS TECHNIQIE FLOOD AND SLOPE ZONE MANAGE- MENT SANDBAGGING, DIKES, LEVEES, AND DAMS

56. LANDSLIDE PREVENTION

57. STRATEGIES FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE PURPOSE TEMPORARY SHELTER INSURANCE and (SELF-INSURANCE) PURPOSE TEMPORARY SHELTER INSURANCE and (SELF-INSURANCE) TECHNIQIE SAFE HAVENS FOR EVACUEES FACILITATE RECOVERY TECHNIQIE SAFE HAVENS FOR EVACUEES FACILITATE RECOVERY