1. Done by: Ng Zi Yao Edmond Chen Kelvin Lim

2. A fluid is a substance that continuously undergoes deformation when a force is exerted onto it All gases are fluids, but not all liquids are fluids

3. Fluids does not resist deformation, or only resisting it very lightly Fluids has the ability to take the shape of its container

4. Density is defined as an object’s mass per unit volume The S.I. unit for density is kg/m 3 It can also be expressed as: ρ = m/V = 1/v g p = density m = mass V = volume V g = specific volume (volume occupied by a unit of mass)

5. A common laboratory device is the pycnometer (also known as the specific gravity bottle) It measures the density of a fluid by reference to a common fluid, e.g. water or mercury, using an analytical balance http://www.museumboerhaave.nl/AA collection/AAJPEGS/M20/11203.jpg

6. The density of a fluid changes with temperature and pressure Formula when temperature is changed: ρ 1 = ρ 0 / [1 + β (t 1 - t 0 )] ρ 1 = final density ρ 0 = initial density β = volumetric temperature expansion coefficient t 1 = final temperature (C o ) t 0 = initial temperature

7. Formula when pressure is changed: ρ 1 = ρ 0 / (1 - (p 1 - p 0 ) / E) p 1 = final pressure (N/m 2 ) p 0 = initial pressure E = Bulk modulus elasticity (compressibility of a fluid)

8. The density of water versus temperature and pressure - http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/fluid-density-temperature-pressure-d_309.html

9. Defined as the measure of the ability of a material to conduct heat SI Unit: W/(m·K) English Unit: Btu/(hr·ft·°F) Important in designing heat exchangers Watts per metre Kelvin British Thermal Unit per hour foot Fahrenheit British Thermal Unit per hour foot Fahrenheit

10. thermal conductivity rate of heat flow total cross sectional area of conducting surface total cross sectional area of conducting surface temperature difference Temperature Gradient defined as the quantity of heat, ΔQ, transmitted during time Δt through a thickness x, in a direction normal to a surface of area A, due to a temperature difference ΔT, under steady state conditions and when the heat transfer is dependent only on the temperature gradient. thickness of conducting surface separating the 2 temperatures thickness of conducting surface separating the 2 temperatures quantity of heat

11. Hot-wire apparatus can accurately measure and mixtures at temperatures from 30 K to 750 K with pressures to 70 Mpa

12. How different materials interact when mixed To show difference or degree of density in materials

13. Density allows you to solve for mass and volume, if given the other quantity. v * rho = m

14. Case Study

15. 790 - 973 kg/cu.m Crude Oil 1000 kg/cu.m Water

16. Crude Oil does not mix with sea water (1025.18 kg/cu.m).

17. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conductivity http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluids http://fluidproperties.nist.gov/thermal.html http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/fluid-density-temperature- pressure-d_309.html http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/density-specific-weight-gravity- d_290.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pycnometer http://images- 0.redbubble.com/img/art/border:whitewithdetail/product:laminated- print/size:small/view:preview/363431-4-floating-wood.jpg http://www.simetric.co.uk/si_liquids.htm