1. Extreme Weather Events: The New Norm? Dr David Jones Manager of Climate Monitoring & Prediction Bureau of Meteorology Acknowledge: CSIRO, BoM, IPCC, ACE CRC, Dep Climate Change & Energy Efficiency

2. Overview The big picture – global trends and the last few years. The last few years in Australia – an aberration or part of a trend? Looking to the future of climate change.

3. January 2009 heatwave (Vic & South Australia) – 374 excess deaths in Vic alone. February 2009, Black Saturday – 173 deaths, 414 serious injuries. Insured cost of ~$1 billion. August and November 2009 heatwaves – severe crop damage. March 2010 Melbourne hail storm. Insured cost of ~$1 billion. March 2010 Perth hail storm. Insured cost of ~$1 billion. Inland flooding 2010/11: January NSW/QLD, September Vic, Oct NSW, January & February Vic/Tas. Queensland flooding 2010/11 Queensland coast – Maryborough, Rockhampton December/January 2011 Darling Downs and west – January/February 2011 Brisbane – January 2011 Total insurance claims > $2 billion. Tropical cyclone Yasi – strongest Queensland cyclone since 1918? Extremes in the Last Few Years

4. Are Global Weather & Climate Disasters Escalating? Count of weather disasters suggests so – from Munich Re (Neumayer and Barthel 2011) “Weather” disasters “geological” disasters

5. Is the Cost of Global Weather & Climate Disasters Escalating? Hard to tell – changes in demographics, wealth and inflation (Neumayer and Barthel 2011) Traditional Approach Geographical Approach

6. Why Might we Expect a Trend? 400,000 years of data Currently ~395 ppm (or ~460 e-ppm) Most of the observed increase in globally averaged temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations (IPCC 2007)

7. Global Temperatures in 2010 (World Meteorological Organization) +0.53°C warmest year on record, though a statistical tie with 1998 and 2005.

8. Global Rainfall in 2010 (NOAA) ~50mm above average – the wettest year on record → accelerating hydrological cycle, likely to give rise to more floods and more droughts.

9. A Record Number of Record Heatwaves In 2010 - 19 countries set highest temperatures on record. 1 country set coldest temperatures on record.

10. Record High Sea Level (CSIRO) Record high sea levels in 2009/10 → more coastal areas at risk of inundation, increased vulnerability to storm surges.

11. Tropical Cyclone Activity (FSU) But, near record low levels of tropical cyclone activity around the planet.

12. Direct effects of climate change on individual extreme events: e.g., storms, tropical cyclones & heatwaves Indirect (background) effects: e.g., sea level rise exacerbating floods, higher temperatures leading to drying of forest fuels, lower fuel loads (due to winter drying) Effects on resilience & preparedness: e.g., –Rural depopulation due to drought  less fire fighting volunteers? –Uncertain return period for events (leading to over/under investment in preparedness) –Non-availability of insurance or insurance too expensive –Uncertainty delaying or stopping investment decisions –Long-term drought (or perceptions of fire risk) damaging rural economies Climate Change Impacts – Extremes, Safety and Infrastructure

13. Australian Temperatures Temperature has increased by about 0.7  C since 1960. 2010 rather cooler than recent years.

14. Changes in Maximum Temperature Extremes Hot days becoming more numerous and cold less numerous

15. Melbourne: Mortality versus Maximum Temperature Black Saturday (46.4°C) Nicholls (2010) Vic Gov (Aged Care, 2010)

16. Australian Rainfall Trends Increase in many parts of northern and central areas and decrease in the south and east

17. Cumulated Fire Danger Melbourne Airport (“central Victoria”) Clear impact of warming and recent long-drought. Start of the long dry 13 year drought

18. 2010: Second Wettest Year on Record One of the strongest La Nina. Possibly strongest since 1917/18 → record wet across north and east. But record dry in the southwest?

19. Trends in Heavy Precipitation 2010 a record, but trend is very weak or non-existent Dependent on threshold and dominated by variability.

20. Perth Dam Streamflows Collapse of streamflow as a result of warming and drying → consequences for forest fire and forest health http://www.watercorporation.com.au

21. Change in Australian Sea Level Since the early 1990s, sea level rise has been 1 to 3 cm/decade in the south and east and 7 to 10 cm/decade in the north and west

22. Central Queensland Coast Sea Level ~2.5cm/decade or ~9cm since the last major (1973-75) La Niña sequence.

23. Infrastructure and Safety Mandurah, WA Waratah Bay, Vic Gold Coast, QLD ~3m Some 711,000 addresses are within 3 km of the coast and within 6m of sea level (Engineers Australia)

24. John Hunter (Uni Tas) 2010 Two Ways of Getting Your Feet Wet

25. Impact in the Coastal Zone Increase in the frequency of high sea level events for a 0.5M sea level rise (ACE CRC 2008) ~3m Managing our Coastal Zone in a Changing Climate (2009) If sea-levels rose by 0.9 metres, 4700 residential lots along the Lake Macquarie waterway foreshore would be inundated. With almost 250,000 vulnerable coastal buildings, Queensland is at the highest risk from all Australian states... In Vic, more than 80,000 coastal buildings and infrastructure are at risk from the projected sea level rise, coastal flooding and erosion.

26. Tropical Cyclones Yasi – strongest Queensland TC since 1918 and possibly 1899. But no evidence of an increasing trend. TC numbers appear to be overall in decline, but a lot of uncertainty. Number of severe tropical cyclones impact QLD

27. Projections for Australia in 2030 (CSIRO & BoM) Warmer by 0.4 to 2.0°C 10-50% increase in days over 35°C 10-80% decrease in days below 0°C Up to 10% less annual rainfall in SE Australia Up to 20% less annual rainfall in SW Australia Up to 10% more summer rainfall on east coast Up to 10% more autumn rainfall inland Heavier rainfall where average rainfall increases or decreases slightly Increase in intensity of tropical cyclones

28. The Future Rapid Warming Expected +1.7ºC 600ppm +2.7ºC 850ppm +3.2ºC 1250ppm Warming will be largely dictated by CO2 emissions. Sea level rise and warming will continue for centuries.

29. Rainfall Changes Rainfall change for 2090-2099 relative to 1980-1999. Drying across southern Australia (and indeed most subtropical areas).

30. The Hydrological Cycle Climate models and observations reveal a number of robust responses: Atmospheric moisture holding capacity rises rapidly with temperature – about 7%/degree Evaporation and rainfall increase globally – around 2%/degree The subtropics tend to dry – particularly in winter. →The average rainfall intensity rises, but the number of rain days tends to fall. →Droughts become more severe and floods become more severe → Change in fire regimes

31. In a country such as Australia where natural climate variability is large, the effects of climate change are more likely to manifest themselves as a series of threshold exceedences leading to stress Climate change will manifest itself through the weather  Worse and different extremes so expect surprises  Expect unexpected emergencies and impacts  It is not easy (perhaps possible) to link individual events to climate change until the climate change is large, but patterns will emerge such as more frequent storm surges, worse droughts, hotter heatwaves. How Will Climate Change

32. In Summary The last few years have been highly unusual: Record hot and dry drought in southeast Australia; Record number of heatwaves; Record (?) number of heavy raindays; Two unusual storms – Perth and Melbourne; Strongest TC on Queensland coast since 1918 (or earlier); and Record southwest WA dry Some changes are consistent with global warming – but for many there is not strong evidence to draw a link (yet).