1. Intergovernmental Relationships, Decentralization and Local Governance
Russian Presentation
Intergovernmental Relationships, Decentralization and Local
Governance
Dr. Louis A. Picard Professor of Public and International Affairs and African Studies
Graduate School of Public and International Affairs University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA USA

2. Questions: End of Discussion
1. What major historical factors appear to have defined Governance, Local Government and Civil Society in Russia
2. What factors are unique and different in Russia from Europe and international experiences
3.To what extent is society and culture important at the "country,“ regional and local level?

3. The Nature of Intergovernmental Relationships
Theme
The Nature of Intergovernmental Relationships

4. German Intergovernmental Relations

5. Overview: Historical Patterns of Relations
AT ISSUE - Location of ultimate power and Responsibility
Definition of Power:
The authoritative allocation of values
Balance: Leadership, Authority and Choice

6. Symbolism, Power and Authority Leadership as Image

7. Authority

8. Authoritarian States

9. Types of Democracy South African Kgotla Direct Democracy-
Actual direct participation of a population in decision-making about laws, customs and regulations

10. Or “Panchayat in India” Town hall or village model

11. TYPES OF INTER-GOVERNMENTAL AND INTER-ORGANIZATIONAL RELATIONS
Confederation and loose con-federal relationships

12. The Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation, drafted in 1777 by the Continental Congress, served as the first Constitution of the United States.

13. Confederation Relationships
Power lies with the sub-units
U.S. Articles of Confederation
Canadian Federation
European Union
Southern African Development Council
Economic Council of West African States
ASEAN
Mercusor

15. Federalism
Concept: Can Transfer additional authority back to the sub-units but not take power away from the federated governments (Provinces, states)
Principal: Divided Soveregnty

16. Federal Systems In Federal Relationship
Some power lies with the National Unit
Some power lies with lower units
Layer Cake

17. Governance as a cake

18. Layers of Government Intertwined

20. Federal Powers Unique or Exclusive Powers- Federal and State
Concurrent Powers- Federal and State
Devolved Powers- State and Local
Denied Authority

21. Federal Systems Key Distinction:
1. Lower units cannot break away from the National Unit
2. National Units cannot take power away from the lower units
3. Divided Sovereignty

22. Federalism: Examples:
USA
Canada
Germany
Nigeria
India
Russian Federation
Austria
Switzerland
Malaysia

23. Federal Relationships
Indian States

24. Indian Inter-Governmental Relations

25. Unitary Systems and Sub-regional units
All power ultimately lies at the national level
What power the local level has, is given to it by the national level
The power that the national unit has given to the local level can also be taken away from it

26. Unitary Government

27. Unitary Systems- Examples
United Kingdom
France
Hungary
Kenya
Japan
South Africa? (Unitary or Quasi-Federal)
Bolivia
China?
Palestine?
Indonesia
Sweden

29. Subsidiarity: European Union Term
Subsidiarity is the idea that matters should be handled by the smallest (or, the lowest) competent government authority possible.
It is presently best known as a fundamental principle of European Union Law. According to this principle, the EU may only act (i.e. make laws) where member states agree that action of individual countries (or local governments) is insufficient.
Subsidiarity has become a principle of public sector reform in LDCs

30. Subsidiarity: Summary
Concept: Transfer of authority to a lower level of government
Primary Unit of Government: Lowest level that carries a bureaucracy with it
Alternative Social
Service Delivery Systems
Debated- eg. Health in USA

31. Models of Subsidiarity: Review
Devolution: Federal or Unitary (Political)
Deconcentration (Administrative)
Delegation (Special Unit- PAT)
Privatization (Contracting Out)
Program and Project Deconcentration: Principal Agency Issue)

32. Intergovernmental Relationships
Basic Assumptions

33. Devolution Transfer to a non-Federal political body
e.g. Budget and personal authority to district and town councils
Key- power lies with lower level politicians

34. Evolving Devolution towards Federalism?

35. Deconcentration:
Transfer of authority to administrators at lower level within the administrative system

37. Deconcentration: Functional vs. Prefectoral Prefectoral integrated
Prefectoral unintegrated

38. French Prefect Jura Region Aissa Dermouche (Appointed “Governor”)

39. Control Systems Functional Home Affairs Local Govt. Public Works
Agriculture
Education
Labor
Council
Public Works
Office
District Ag.
Office
District Ed.
Office
District
Labor
Office

40. Control Systems Prefectoral - Integrated Interior Local Govt.
Public Works
Agriculture
Education
Labor
District
Office
Council/Chief
Public Works
Office
District Ag.
Office
District Ed.
Office
District
Labor
Office

41. Control Systems Prefectoral - Unintegrated Interior Local Govt.
Public Works
Agriculture
Education
Labor
Police
District
Office
Police
Council/
Chief
Public Works
Office
District Ag.
Office
District Ed.
Office
District
Labor
Office

42. Delegation Transfer Function Outside of line Departments Use of Board
Commercialization

43. Delegation

44. Delegation
Transfer of authority to a statutory body such as Public Corporations or parastatals (UK)
Eg. AMTRAK in USA

45. Privatization Transfer function out of government sector
More than Contracting Out

46. Principles of Privatization
Key Conditionality- Privatization of the economy within a context of administrative Reform

47. Principles of Privatization
a. divestiture (full sale)
b. contracting out
c. liquidation
d. sell off public private partnership shares

48. The View from the 1980s

49. Principles of Privatization
Goal: Small government and return to the recurrent budgeting process and balanced budget principles of “Neo-Orthodox Economists”
Fiscal Crisis has both called this into question and supported very small government

50. Programs and Projects
Program and Project Deconcentration: (Principal Agency Issue)
Assymetric Relationships
Prone to Patron-Clientalism

51. Asymmetric interests when a principal hires an agent

52. Program and Project Decentralization:
1. Sectoral - By regular line or agency within a Ministry
E.g. Focused activity - seed production (Green Revolution)
Agricultural experiments

53. Indian Department of Agriculture

54. Program and Project Decentralization:
2. Deconcentration or Devolution of authority to central level special unit eg. Transport, water, health or education projects to subordinate administrative or structures (Education Service) PAT (Port Authority Transport) Buses in Pittsburgh

55. Program and Project Decentralization:
3. Inter-Ministerial Committees or Units
Planning supervision
Overlapping memberships, e.g. Land Use Planning

56. Land Use Plan- Germany

57. Program and Project Decentralization:
4.Creation of field level Special Project Units with semi- autonomous status (Special designated geographical areas)

58. Program and Project Decentralization: Project Decent.
E.g. A Range management project; or
Integrated Rural Development - Most well known type of special project
Multitude of project activity in different sectors that may overlap or compliment.

59. Rural Socio-Economic Enhancement Scheme
2.1 Integrated Rural Development 2.2
Small Irrigation Schemes Development
2.3
Integrated Farming Systems Development
2.4
Revobue Multipurpose Dam
2.5
New Cash Crops Establishment
2.6
Livestock Development
2.7
Farmers' Associations Promotion
2.8
Grain Storage Development
2.9
District Water Supply
2.10
Rural Electrification
2.11
Mineral Resources Exploration
Rural Socio-Economic Enhancement Scheme

60. Questions and Discussion
1. What major historical factors appear to have defined Governance, Local Government and Civil Society in Russia
2. What factors are unique and different in Russia from Europe and international experiences
3.To what extent is society and culture important at the "country,“ regional and local level?