1. Gastrointestinal Intubation Nasogastric tubes
Enteral Feedings

2. Overview Types of Tubes Indications for their use
How to insert NG tubes
Complications of NG tubes
Enteral Feedings
Indications and Complications.
Gastrostomy

3. Types of Tubes Short tubes: passed through the nose into the stomach
Levin tube: range in size from 14 to 18 Fr, single lumen made of plastic or rubber with holes near the tip.
Gastric Sump (Salem): is radiopaque, clear plastic double lumen
Salem can protect gastic suture linesb/c it maintains the force of suction a the drainage opening or outlets at less than 25mm hg the small vent tube (blue pig tail) controls this action.

4. Types Cont.
Medium Tubes: tubes are passed through the nose to the duodenum and the jejunum. Used for feeding
Polyurethane or silicone rubber feeding tubes have a narrower diameter (6 to 12fr) and require the use of a stylet for insertion
Long tubes: passed through the nose, through the esophagus and stomach into the intestines. Used for decompression of the intestines.

5. Example of Salem Sump

6. Indications for GI Intubation
To decompress the stomach and remove gas and fluid
To lavage the stomach and remove ingested toxins
To diagnose disorders of GI motility and other disorders
To administer medications and feedings
To treat an obstruction
To compress a bleeding site
To aspirate gastric contents for analysis

7. Intubating the client with an NG tube
Assessment:
Who needs an NG:
Surgical clients
Ventilated client
Neuromuscular impairment .
Clients who are unable to maintain adequate oral intake to meet metabolic demands.
Assess patency of nares.

8. Assessment cont. Assess client’s medical history:
Nosebleeds
Nasal surgery
Deviated septum
Anticoagulation therapy
Assess client’s gag reflex.
Assess client’s mental status.
Assess bowel sounds.

9. Planning 14 0r 16 Fr NG tube Lubricating jelly PH test strips
Gather equipment:
14 0r 16 Fr NG tube
Lubricating jelly
PH test strips
Tongue blade
Flashlight
Emesis basin
Catheter tipped syringe
1 inch wide tape or commercial fixation device
Suctioning available and ready

10. Planning Cont. Explain procedure to client
Position the client in a sitting or high fowlers position. If comatose-semi fowlers.
Examine feeding tube for flaws.
Determine the length of tube to be inserted.
Measure distance from the tip of the nose to the earlobe and to the xyphoid process of the sternum.
Prepare NG tube for insertion.

11. Implementation Wash Hands Put on clean gloves Lubricate the tube
Hand the client a glass of water
Gently insert tube through nostril to back of throat (posterior nasopharnyx). Aim back and down toward the ear.
Have client flex head toward chest after tube has passed through nasopharynx
Flexing the head closes off glottis and reduces risk of tube entering trachea

13. Implementation Cont.
Emphasize the need to mouth breathe and swallow during the procedure.
Swallowing facilitates the passage of the tube through the oropharnyx.
When the tip of the tube reaches the carnia stop and listen for air exchange from the distal end of the tube. If air is heard remove the tube.
Advance tube each time client swallows until desired length has been reached.
Do not force tube. If resistance is met or client starts to cough, choke or become cyanotic stop advancing the tube and pull back.
Carnia about 25 cm in an adult

14. Implenentation Cont. Check placement of the tube.
X-ray confirmation
Testing pH of aspirate
Secure the tube with tape or commercial device

16. Nasogastric Tube Position

17. Evaluation
Observe client to determine response to procedure.
ALERTS!!! Persistent gagging – prolonged intubation and stimulation of the gag reflex can result in vomiting and aspiration
Coughing may indicate presence of tube in the airway.

18. Evaluation Cont. Note location of external site marking on the tube
Documentation
Size of tube, which nostril and client’s response.
Record length of tube from the nostril to end of tube
Record aspirate pH and characteristics

19. X-ray of misplaced NG tube

20. Nursing responsibilities
Following verification by x-ray of tube placement. The nurse is responsible for ensuring that the tube has remained in the intended position before administering formula or medication through the tube.
Verification of placement is performed before each intermittent feeding and at least once every 12 hour shift for continuous feedings and prior to medication administration.

21. Nursing Responsibilities
Identify signs and symptoms of inadvertent respiratory migration.
Identify conditions that increase the risk for spontaneous tube dislocation from the intended position (retching, vomiting, nasotracheal suctioning, severe coughing)

22. Testing Placement Wash hands and put on clean gloves
Draw up 30cc of air into the syringe and attach to end of the NG tube. Flush tube with 30cc of air prior to attempting to aspirate fluid. Draw back on the syringe to obtain 5 to 10 cc of gastric aspirate.
If unable to aspirate:
Advance tube – may be in air space above aspirate level
If intestinal placement suspected (pH 4-6) withdraw tube 5 to 10 cm
Have client lie on his/her left side wait mins and attempt aspiration again.

23. Testing Placement cont.
Observe appearance of aspirate:
From client with enteral feeding – appearance of curdled enteral feed
From nasointestinal – bile stained
From stomach (non feed)– green, tan, bloody, brown.
Pleural fluid – pale yellow and serous
Gently mix aspirate in syringe

24. Testing Placement cont.
Note:
In a study by Metheny et al (1994)
the gastric aspirate of 880 clients were examined:
> gastric aspirate ranged in color from green to yellow, tan/brown or bloody
> respiratory aspirate was described as tan or yellow/green (Best 2005)

25. Testing Placement Cont.
Measure pH of aspirated GI contents by dipping pH strip into the fluid or by applying a few drops of the fluid to the strip. Compare the color of the strip with the color on the chart.
Gastric fluid from a client who has fasted for at least 4 hours usually has a pH range from 1 to 4 but may be increased if the client is receiving acid inhibiting medications (pH 4-6)

26. Testing Placement Cont.
Fluid from nasointestinal tube of fasting client usually has a pH greater than 6. intestinal contents are less acidic than stomach.
Clients with a continuous tube feed may have a pH of 5 or higher.
Pleural fluid from the tracheubronchial tree is generally greater than 7.
National Patient Safety Association(2005a)
recommend a pH of less than 5.5 feedings can be initiated (Best, 2005)

27. Testing Placement Cont.
Measure the length of the tube from nostril to tip.
If after repeated attempts, it is not possible to aspirate fluid from a tube that was originally established by x-ray examination to be in the desired position and there are NO risk factors for dislocation, tube has remained in original position and the client is NOT experiencing any difficulty the nurse may assume the tube is correctly placed.

28. Enteral Nutrition What is it:
The administration of nutrients directly into the GI tract. The most desirable and appropriate method of providing nutrition is the oral route, but this is not always possible.
Nasogastric feeding is the most common route
Nurses are the main healthcare professional responsible for intubation

29. Administering Enteral Feeds
Indications:
Clients who are unable to maintain adequate oral intake to met metabolic demands
Surgical cases
Ventilated clients
Neuromuscular impairment
Clients requiring bowel rest.
Generally these clients have been referred to the Dietician.

30. Administering Enteral Feeds
Contraindications:
Clients with diffuse peritonitis.
Severe pancreatitis
Intestinal obstruction
Severe D&V
Paralytic ileus.

31. Nursing Care
Confirm satisfactory tube positioning before starting tube feed and Q shift (aspirate for pH and color)
Residual volume – aspirate with syringe min Q shift (usually q4h). If residual volume is greater than 100cc notify physician.
Right product, right time, right client, right rate…..check and chart.
Monitor intake and output

32. Nursing Care Cont.
Flush tube with a min of 30-50cc water prior to initiating feed, when feed is finished, before and after the administration of medications and q4-6h around the clock.
For immune compromised clients use sterile water
For non-immune compromised use tap water (refer to policies of the institution
Change feed bag and tubing q24h, need to label and chart
Elevate the HOB to 30 degrees to prevent aspiration.
Note blood values – BUN, creatinine, lytes,glucose.

33. Nursing Care Cont.
Monitor blood glucose q6h until maximum infusion rate has been increased and maintained for 24h
Keep tube feeding formulas at room temperature.
A Registered Dietician determines the caloric requirements for each client and orders the formula to be use, the rate and the appropriate amount of water to be used to flush the tube.

34. Complications
Clogged Tube- most common
Flush tube with cc q4h if continues feed. Use liquid meds when possible. Flush tube after giving medication.
Dumping Syndrome: solution with high osmolality- water moves into stomach and intestines from the fluid surrounding the organs and vascular system causing dehydration, hypotension and tachycardia
Aspiration : ensure head of bed is elevated at least 30 degrees while feeds are being administered
Notes for dirrhea adjust strength of feeds change the product antidiarrheak meds ensure clean technique research has shown many diarrhea incidents related to bacterial contamination.
Dumping syndrome client will feel full,nausea,and diarrhea need to be aware of the conc of tube feedings and observe for these effects

35. Complications Cont. Dehydration- diarrhea is a common problem.
Electrolyte imbalance: hyperkalemia and hypernatremia
Oral mucosal breakdown
Nasal irritation
hNotes for dirrhea adjust strength of feeds change the product antidiarrheak meds ensure clean technique research has shown many diarrhea incidents related to bacterial contamination.
as shown many diarrhea incidents related to bacterial contamination.

37. Gastrostomy
Surgical procedure in which an opening is created into the stomach
Preferred route for prolonged nutrition((greater than 3 to 4 weeks)
Preferred in clients who are comatose – decreases the risk for regurgitation and aspiration
Gastroesophageal sphincter remains intact

38. Methods of Insertion
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) may be clamped between feedings
Low-profile gastrostomy device (LPGD) may be inserted 3-6 months after initial gastronomy tube placement
Peg: two physicins, one makes insertion, cannulainserted into stomache threads non absorable suture,2nd uses endoscoe to grasp end of the sutre pulls it up into clients mouth, suture is knttedto dilator tip of PEG tubethen tube is pushed thru the mouth and suture oulled thru incision into esophagus , into stomach and out abd wall.
LPGD eliminate the possibility of tube migrationand obstruction have antireflux valves to prevent gastric reflux

40. Nursing Care Monitor site post-op: watch for signs of infection
Assess client’s response to change in body image
A dressing may be applied over the tube at insertion site. Protects the skin from seepage of gastric acid and spillage of feeds.
Provide skin care: Inspect the skin at exit site daily
Monitor for accidental removal of tube
Cleanse skin and apply sterile dsg notify physcian, tract will heal over within 4 to 6 hours if tube not replaced

41. Feeds can be given by gravity
Ensure tube is at an angle to prevent air from entering the stomach
This is also true for NG feeds

42. Client Education
Clients can go home and administer their own feeds, (or caregiver )
Educational needs:
Teach how to administer a bolus feed
How to assess residual volumes before feeds
How to maintain patency of tube with flushing of tube pre and post feeds and medications
Elevating head of bed while feeds are administered and 1 hour following
Monitor tube length

43. References
Perry & Potter(2002). Clinical Skills & Techniques(5th ed.). United States: Mosby
Smeltzer,S.C., Bare,B.G. (2004). Brunner & Suddarth’s textbook of medical surgical nursing. Philadelphia: Lippincott.
Best, C. (2005). Caring for the patient with a nasogastric tube. Nursing Standard. 20,3, Retrieved September , from ProQuest database.