1. Shifting Terrain A Short History of Charter Schools in the U.S. January 7, 2014

2. The Pre-History of Charters Economic theory and vouchers Milton Friedman introduced the idea of vouchers as an antidote to “public school monopoly” as early as 1955, although many date this to Capitalism & Freedom (1962).

3. The Pre-History of Charters The Complication of Race Required by law Prohibited by law Determined by local option Not legislated Segregation by State, 1954

4. The Complications of Race Prince Edward County, Virginia – Closed public system in 1959 – White families transferred to private academy – Tuition grants and tax credits to families – Justice Black: “…could not be clearer that [P.E. schools] were closed and private schools operated in their place with state and county assistance, for one reason, and one reason only…” [Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County, 1964] The Pre-History of Charters

5. The Complications of Race – Friedman: “The state of Virginia has adopted a plan having many features in common with that outlined in the preceding chapter. Though adopted for the purpose of avoiding compulsory integration, I predict that the ultimate effects of the law will be very different….” – If the conclusions of my argument are correct, if Virginia’s voucher system is not abolished, “we should see a flowering of schools available in Virginia, with an increase in their diversity, a substantial if not spectacular rise in the quality of the leading schools, and a later rise in the quality of the rest under the impetus of the leaders.” The Pre-History of Charters

6. The Pivot to Public School Choice

7. Vouchers as a Hard Sell EXHIBIT TO COME: IMAGES/ICONS OF BILLS "I've long argued that more choice would lead to better education."

8. The Pivot to Public School Choice “Repackaging” Magnet Schools Magnet schools are “one of the great successes of the education reform movement.” - President Reagan, January 21 1988 ''There has been a shift…Republicans and conservatives have come to realize that the Federal role in education is here to stay and that you ought not to blow it up. They also recognize that it is silly to concede the education issue to the Democrats.'’ - Secretary of Education, William Bennett, January 25, 1988

9. Charters: Emergence, Legislative Spread, & The Battle Over Framing

10. First Charter Law in Minnesota Minnesota’s vision had less to do with markets than decentralization and variety. But nationally charters became proxy battle ground over vouchers. Origin myths and the controversy over “What Al Shanker Really Thought.”

11. Charters: Emergence, Legislative Spread, & The Battle Over Framing Rapid Dissemination

12. Charters: Emergence, Legislative Spread, & The Battle Over Framing Rapid Dissemination 1991

13. Charters: Emergence, Legislative Spread, & The Battle Over Framing Rapid Dissemination 1992

14. Charters: Emergence, Legislative Spread, & The Battle Over Framing Rapid Dissemination 1993

15. Charters: Emergence, Legislative Spread, & The Battle Over Framing Rapid Dissemination 1994

16. Charters: Emergence, Legislative Spread, & The Battle Over Framing Rapid Dissemination 1995

17. Charters: Emergence, Legislative Spread, & The Battle Over Framing Rapid Dissemination 1996

18. Charters: Emergence, Legislative Spread, & The Battle Over Framing Rapid Dissemination 1997

19. Charters: Emergence, Legislative Spread, & The Battle Over Framing Rapid Dissemination 1998

20. Charters: Emergence, Legislative Spread, & The Battle Over Framing Rapid Dissemination 1999

21. Charters: Emergence, Legislative Spread, & The Battle Over Framing Rapid Dissemination 2001

22. Charters: Emergence, Legislative Spread, & The Battle Over Framing Rapid Dissemination 2002

23. Charters: Emergence, Legislative Spread, & The Battle Over Framing Rapid Dissemination 2003

24. Charters: Emergence, Legislative Spread, & The Battle Over Framing Rapid Dissemination 2010

25. Charters: Emergence, Legislative Spread, & The Battle Over Framing Rapid Dissemination 2011

26. Charters: Emergence, Legislative Spread, & The Battle Over Framing Rapid Dissemination 2012

27. Charters: Emergence, Legislative Spread, & The Battle Over Framing Rapid Dissemination

28. Expansion & Maturation

29. Expansion Growth in Number of Charter Schools Total Number of Schools (1999 – 2013)

30. Maturation Total Number of Charter Schools by State 201 - 300 Fewer than 50 51 - 100 101 - 200 301 - 500 501 - 1000 More than 1000 None/No Data

31. Maturation Percentage of Charter Schools to Public Schools by State 11 to 20% 1 to 5% 6 to 10% More than 20% None/No Data

32. Maturation: Going to Scale, Managing Charter as Systems & Concentration Effects

33. Maturation From Mom & Pop to Networks

34. Maturation From Mom & Pop to Networks: Variation by State

35. Maturation Managing Charter Systems Total Number of Authorizers by Type, 2012

36. Maturation Top 10 Districts with the Largest Market Share Detroit 51% New Orleans 79% District of Columbia 43% Flint 36% Kansas City 36% Gary 35% Hall County 32% Cleveland 29% Dayton 28% Indianapolis 28% Philadelphia 28% Albany 27% Roosevelt S.D. (Phoenix) 27% Toledo 27% Grand Rapids 26% San Antonio 26%

37. Privatization Typology Pragmatic: A tool to make government more effective, efficient, responsive. Tactical: A weapon for advancing personal, organizational, or partisan interests by attracting new allies, and rewarding supporters. Systemic: A strategy for fundamentally reducing the role of government by lowering expectations of what government should and can do, reducing oversight and enforcement infrastructure, and altering the landscape of interest groups so that there is reduced support for government growth. Final Thoughts

38. References Slide 3: Wikipedia, “School Segregation in the United States,” Last modified April 7, 2015. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_segregation_in_the_United_State s Slides 11-28: The Center for Education Reform (CER), 2013 Charter School Law Ranking and Scorecard, Washington, DC: CER, 2013. https://www.edreform.com/2013/01/2013-charter-law-ranking-chart/ Slides 29-31: National Alliance for Public Charter Schools (NAPCS), “Total Number of Schools, 2012-13,” In The Public Charter Schools Dashboard, Washington, DC: NAPCS, 2014. http://dashboard.publiccharters.org/dashboard/schools/year/2013

39. References Slides 33-34: Gary Miron and Charisse Gulosino, "Profiles of for-Profit and Nonprofit Education Management Organizations: Fourteenth Edition—2011-2012," Boulder, CO: National Education Policy Center, University of Colorado, 2013. http://nepc.colorado.edu/files/emo-profiles-11-12.pdf Slide 35: National Alliance of Charter School Authorizers (NACSA), “The State of Charter School Authorizing 2012: 5th Annual Report on NACSA’s Annual Survey,” Chicago, IL: NACSA, 2012. http://www.qualitycharters.org/assets/files/Documents/Publications/2012%2 0Facts%20Report.pdf Slide 36: National Alliance for Public Charter Schools (NAPCS), “A Growing Movement: America’s Largest Charter School Communities,” Washington, DC: NAPCS, 2013. http://www.publiccharters.org/publications/growing- movement-americas-largest-charter-school-communities-8th-edition/