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From World War I through the Cold War. What is a cold war? An intense, prolonged political confrontation between countries, involving all spheres of relations.

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Presentation on theme: "From World War I through the Cold War. What is a cold war? An intense, prolonged political confrontation between countries, involving all spheres of relations."— Presentation transcript:

1 From World War I through the Cold War

2 What is a cold war? An intense, prolonged political confrontation between countries, involving all spheres of relations (a war) But without a direct armed clash (cold) – though it may escalate into a “hot” war The Cold War  1946-1991  East-West  Communism – capitalism  Soviet Union – United States Minor cold wars (examples):  US-Iran: 1979-…  US-Iraq: 1991-2003  US-North Korea: 1953-…  India-Pakistan: 1960s-2000s  Soviet Union-China: 1960s-1980s

3 The historical context the Cold War was the third period of the era of global warfare which started in 1914 The summer of 1914 marked a watershed in world history: For the first time ever, a world war began Since 1914, we’ve lived through 4 world wars And, they are connected with each other – like links of a chain Historian Eric Hobsbawm: 4 stages of one world war, which has already gone on for 90 years, and there’s no end in sight yet

4 What made world wars possible:  1. An integrated world – globalization  2. Struggle for power within countries acquires international dimensions  3. Availability of economic resources  4. Development of military technologies  5. The culture of war  New rationalizations of war  The idea of total war

5 World War I: 1914-1918 Resulted from: - -Rivalries between states (Germany-Britain, France- Germany, Russia-Austria, Russia-Turkey, etc.) - -Social tensions within states - -Nationalist struggles against empires The war for power and influence inside the global capitalist system Expected to be brief The reality: a bloody 4-year stalemate Ended by revolutions in Russia (1917) and Germany (1918) 15 mln. deaths, incl. 9 mln. combat The flu pandemic of 1918-1919: 20-40 mln. deaths: a direct environmental effect of “the Great War”

6 EUROPE, 1914

7 Australian World War I poster

8 WWI: British soldiers blinded by poison gas

9 Russian soldiers pledge allegiance to the Tsar: World War I

10 The Russian Revolution, 1917

11 WWI triggered off a global crisis of capitalism and a search for alternatives to world war Radical alternative (Russia) Created a base for world revolution – Soviet Russia (the Soviet Union, USSR) Created new cultures of mass political violence: communism and fascism  The Russian Civil War (1917-1922): 9 million deaths, of them 7 mln. civilians Liberal alternative (USA) Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points ( a democratic peace), creation of institutions of global governance (League of Nations), first disarmament treaties Set the stage for WW2

12 Vladimir Lenin, leader of the Communist Revolution in Russia

13 Woodrow Wilson, US President in 1913-1920

14 The Russian Civil War: Communist poster urging people to volunteer for the Red Army

15 World War 2: 1939-1945 The crisis of capitalism The rise of the Left in Europe and Asia, fears of new revolutions The Great Depression, 1929-1933 Rise of fascism Renewal of imperialist rivalries: Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, the Japanese Empire challenge Britain, France, USA But also: the idea of destroying communism Hitler could have been stopped The Global Right confronting the Global Left and the Global Centre 50-80 mln. dead (36 mln. combat) Global capitalism was shattered even more than by WWI The stage is set for WW3

16 September 1, 1939: Nazi Germany invades Poland

17 German troops in occupied Poland, 1939

18 Fascist dictators: Hitler and Mussolini in Munich, June 1940

19 Japanese attack on US Navy at Pearl Harbor, Dec.7, 1941

20 Nazi propaganda poster: SS forces kill the Red beast of communism

21 German soldiers celebrating success in “Lightning War” against Russia, 1942

22 German reign of terror in occupied Russia

23 Defenders of Moscow, October 1941

24

25 The turning point of WWII 1943: German army’s defeat at Stalingrad, Russia

26 German POWs, Russia, 1944

27 German POWs outside Moscow, 1944

28 The victorious Allies: British PM Churchill, US President Roosevelt and Generalissimo Stalin at Yalta Conference, Russia, Feb.1945

29 The Red Army takes Berlin, May 1945

30 Buchenwald concentration camp, 1945: Survivors of Hitler’s “Final Solution”

31 World War II losses, military and civilian 50-80 mln. dead (36 mln. in combat) Global capitalism shattered even more than by WWI The stage is set for WW III

32 The war took all nine of her sons

33 Alexander Solzhenitsyn, 1953, upon release from prison camp

34 WW3 (the Cold War) – 1946-1991 The three dimensions of the war:  ideological (global capitalism challenged by the Global Left)  Geopolitical (competition between states)  Military (wars and arms races) In late 1940s, conflicts in the three areas converged to produce a rapid shift from the peace of 1945 to a 45-year-long period of confrontation

35 The ideological dimension: global conflict between the two political-economic systems, capitalism and communism The Three Worlds of the Cold War The capitalist West, the communist East, and the Third World (now called the Global South) East-West conflict:  Will capitalism survive – or will be replaced by some forms of socialism or communism? In the Third World, massive struggles for national independence from Western colonial domination

36 The Global Left consisted of:  Communist states (the Soviet Union, People’s Republic of China, and others)  Communist parties around the world, most of them supported by the USSR (Italy and France having the biggest)  Moderate Left forces (social democrats, labour movements, movements for democracy, etc.)  Anti-colonial forces in the 3d world

37 Red dictators: Russia’s Stalin and China’s Mao, 1950

38 First American Cold War President: Harry S. Truman (in office from 1945 to1952)

39 George Kennan, American diplomat, architect of the policy of Containment of Communism

40 The US acted as the global force to save and rebuild capitalism To defeat the Global Left Use of force Cooptation Rebuilding a global capitalist economy based on US dominance Ideological wars: liberal democracy vs. communist dictatorship Construct a world order Alliances International organizations International law

41 The geopolitical dimension The end of WWII saw the rise of the two superpowers: USA and USSR A bipolar world – something unique in world history Challenging each other Containing each other Trying to control other states to follow them But also: cooperating with each other to keep their power Each needed the other as “The Other” But both wanted to survive

42 The Berlin Wall, symbol of the Cold War division of Europe

43 The military dimension The 2 giants never had a significant direct armed conflict between them They fought wars by proxy (Korea, Vietnam, Angola, etc.) But they prepared for total military confrontation Nuclear arms Conventional armies and navies Military alliances – NATO, the Warsaw Pact Spy wars New structures of militarism The military-industrial complex The national security state

44

45 Several moments when the world was within a few steps from nuclear war Nuclear weapons: can you use them to win a war? War-fighting vs. deterrence The balance of terror The nuclear stalemate From an uncontrolled arms race to arms control and disarmament The era of arms control began in 1963 with the US- Soviet-British treaty to ban all, except underground, tests of nuclear weapons A system of treaties was developed in the 1960s- 1990s to make nuclear war less likely

46 Losses in the Cold War (estimates): - Over 20 mln. died in local wars, mostly between the Global Left and the West - Victims of totalitarian regimes in the Soviet Union (1929-1953), Communist China (1950s-1970s), other communist states :  60 mln. people died as a result of policies of forced modernization and political repression Total: 80 mln. lives 80% of the human losses were civilian Massive waste of resources Unprecedented growth of technologies of destruction The degradation of natural environment Stymied democracy and economic development

47 Korea, 1950: US forces in battle with Communist troops

48 1960, the Cuban revolution: Fidel Castro challenges the US

49 1972, Vietnam: Communist soldiers

50 1972: Vietnamese villagers massacred by American GIs

51 Sept.1973: General Augusto Pinochet overthrows a socialist government in Chile and establishes a military dictatorship

52 Soviet helicopter gunships over Afghanistan, 1980

53 Afghan mujahid fighter against Soviet occupation of Afghanistan, 1980s

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