1. CANCER
TPJ4M

2. OBJECTIVE
Define and discuss cancer

3. Cancer
Definition – abnormal growth of cells that can invade surrounding tissue and spread to other parts of the body
Cancer cells can originate in any body tissue

4. Your cells

5. The Cell Cycle
The series of events a cell undergoes from the time it is formed until it grows and reproduces new cells:
Interphase – resting and growth phase where the cell spends most of its life
Mitosis – division phase where the nucleus divides (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase) *PMAT
Cytokinesis – cell division where the cell divides in half

6. Cell Cycle

7. Normal Cells (NC) Cancerous Cells (CC)
Once NC grow and mature, cell division stops because able to fully function
CC keep on dividing, never mature, thus do not stop growing and not fully functioning

8. DNA mutations disrupt the cell cycle.
Mutations may be caused by:
1. radiation
2. smoking
3. Pollutants
4. chemicals
5. viruses

9. Cancer Cells
Cancer cells experience uncontrolled and disorganized cell growth
Cancer cells enter mitosis repeatedly and never grow to maturity
Cancer cells eventually form a growth called tumor
Tumors invades and destroys neighbouring healthy cells

10. Two Main Types of Cancer
Carcinoma
Sarcoma
Skin
Bone
Lining of hollow organs and passageways
Muscle
Lymph
cartilage

11. OBJECTIVE List two types of tumours and explain how they are different
Explain metastasis

12. Tumour – Growth of Abnormal Cells
Benign tumour
Grows slowly
Localized area
Malignant tumour
grows slow or fast depending on type of cancer
Invades other tissues and/or travels to other parts of body
Causes death if not treated and controlled
THE IMPORTANT DIFFERENCE B/W BENIGN AND MALIGNANT TUMOURS IS THAT ONE INVADES AND SPREADS (MALIGNANT)

13. Benign Tumors (Not Cancerous) Malignant Tumors (Cancerous)
As they grow benign tumors simply push the surrounding normal tissues and organs out of their way.
Malignant tumors eat into and destroy the normal tissue around them as they increase in size.
Sometimes pressure from a benign tumor may damage surrounding structures but the benign tumor never actually invades into those structures.
Malignant tumors invade and damage structures.
Benign tumors can grow quite large without causing any problems.
Malignant tumor damages the tissue around it from the time it first begins to grow.
Benign tumors do not spread. They may grow to a large size but they do not go to other parts of the body.
Malignant tumors have the ability to spread by sending off seedlings of tumor which can pass through the blood or lymphatic system to other parts of the body. These seedlings then settle in other organs and form what are called secondary tumors or metastases.

15. Cancer – Most Common Sites
Skin
Prostate
Lungs
Uterus
Colon
Rectum
Breast

16. METASTASIS

17. OBJECTIVE
List the seven warning signs of cancer

18. Caution – Seven Early Warning Signs of Cancer
Change in bowel or bladder habits
A sore that does not heal
Unusual bleeding or discharge
Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing
Obvious changes in wart or mole
Nagging cough or hoarseness

19. OBJECTIVE
Describe the three most common types of treatment for cancer

20. Standard Cancer Treatment
Surgery
Radiation therapy
Chemotherapy
Oral
Intramuscular
Intravenous

21. Chemotherapy
*Treatment of cancer with an antineoplastic drug
or in combination with such drugs
*****Antineoplastic drugs (control or kill neoplastic cells – part of tumor)
*The most common chemotherapy agents act by killing cells that divide rapidly
*Chemotherapy also harms cells that divide rapidly under normal circumstances: cells in the bone marrow, digestive tract, and hair follicles.

22. Side-effects of chemotherapy
*Decreased production of blood cells (because it affects the bone marrow)
*Inflammation of the lining of the digestive tract
*Hair loss (because it affects the hair follicles)

23. Radiation Therapy
Radiation therapy uses high-energy radiation to shrink tumors and kill cancer cells
The radiation may be delivered by a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, also called brachytherapy).
Systemic radiation therapy uses radioactive substances, such as radioactive iodine, that travel in the blood to kill cancer cells

24. How does Radiation Therapy kill cancerous cells?
Radiation therapy kills cancer cells by damaging their DNA
Cancer cells whose DNA is damaged beyond repair stop dividing or die
However radiation therapy can also damage normal cells, leading to side effects

25. Side effects of Radiation Therapy
Skin irritations
Damage to salivary glands
Fatigue
Nausea
Vomiting
Damage to the bowels, causing diarrhea and bleeding.
Memory loss.
Infertility (inability to have a child).

26. REVIEW
Define cancer.
Discuss cancer in relation to normal cells and the cell cycle.
List two types of tumours. What is the main difference?
What acronym is used for the 7 early warning signs of cancer? List the 7 signs
Describe each of the 3 most common cancer treatments – add to existing answer.
Add to your answer for metastasis