1. Global Technology Trends in Solar PV Power : R&D and Commercial 5 th November, 2012 Dr. B. Bhargava

2. Solar Photovoltaic Energy

3. Solar Cells : Technology Options Crystalline Silicon solar cells -Single, Multi, Ribbon Thin Film solar cells -Silicon, a-Si, m-Si, CdTe, CIGS Concentrating solar cells -Si, GaAs Dye, Organic, nano materials & other emerging solar cells

4. Solar Cell Best Efficiencies: World

5. HIGHEST SOLAR CELL EFFICIENCIES (WORLD) TECHNOLOGY AREA EFF. GROUP SQ. CM. % Si SINGLE CRYSTAL 4.00 24.7 UNSW Si MULTI CRYSTAL 1.00 20.3 FhG-ISE a-Si SINGLE JUNCTION 1.00 12.7 SANYO a-Si TRIPLE JUNCTION 0.27 13.5 USSC a-Si/µc-Si(nc-Si) 1.20 10.1 Kaneka CdTe 1.00 17.3 First Solar CIGS 1.00 19.6 NREL Si FILMS 4.01 16.6 Stuttgart University DYE 1.00 11.0 Sharp Organic 1.0 10.0 Mitsubishi GaAs (500 x) 0.4 40.7 SPECTROLAB Si/GaAs (20 x) 0.4 42.8 Delaware Univ,

6. TECHNOLOGY AREA EFF. Group SQ. CM. % SINGLE CRYSTAL 64.00 19.7 CEL MULTI CRYSTAL 100.00 16.8 Tata BP a-Si SINGLE JUNCTION 1.00 12.0 IACS a-Si MULTI JUNCTION 1.00 11.5 IACS a-Si/µc-Si(nc-Si) 1.00 9.0 IACS CdTe 1.00 12.0 NPL CIGS 0.41 13.0 IISC Si FILMS 0.98 8.7 Jadavpur Dye Sensitized 1.00 9.5 Amrita Organic cells 1.00 6.2 NPL Solar Cell Best Efficiencies: India

7. Crystalline Silicon Solar Module Efficiency TYPICAL IN PRODUCTION INTERNATIONAL INDIAN SINGLE CRYSTAL 15 – 20.4 % 14 – 17 % MULTI CRYSTAL 13 – 16% 13 – 16%

8. World PV Production Growth GW

9. World PV Market and Production: 2011

10. World Top 10 PV Manufacturers: 2011

11. World: 2011 PV Equipment Suppliers

12. LocationCapacity MWpTechnology Perovo. Ukraine100c-si Sarnia, Canada92CdTe Montalto di Castro, Italy 84c-Si Finsterwalde, Germany 83c-Si Ohotnikovo, Ukraine80c-Si Senftenberg, Germany78c-Si Lieberose, Germany 71CdTe Rovigo, Italy 70c-Si Olmedilla de Alarcón, Spain60c-Si Boulder City, USA55CdTe World Top 10 PV Plants: 2011

13. Major PV Markets : 2010 & 2011

14. Solar for India  Most parts of India receive good solar radiation 4- 7 kWh/sq. m/day  Possible to meet growing energy demands and cover deficit areas  Can substantially reduce consumption of kerosene and diesel for lighting and power generation  Provide access and empowerment at grass root level

15. 15 Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission is one of the major global initiatives in promotion of solar energy technologies, announced by the Government of India under National Action Plan on Climate Change. Mission aims to achieve grid tariff parity by 2022 through -Large scale utilization and rapid diffusion and deployment of solar technologies across the country at a scale which leads to cost reduction -R&D - Local manufacturing and support infrastructure

16. 16 JNNSM Road Map Application segmentTarget for Phase I (2010-13) Cumulative Target for Phase 2 (2013-17) Cumulative Target for Phase 3 (2017-22) Grid solar power incl. roof top & distribution grid connected plants 1,000 MW 100 MW 4,000 MW 10,000 MW 20,000 MW Off-grid solar applications 200 MW 1,000 MW2,000 MW Solar collectors7 million sq meters 15 million sq meters 20 million sq meters

17. 17 JNNSM Strategy Graduated deployment to nucleate critical mass till costs come down and thereafter rapid scale up Consultative process to finalize the guidelines Enabling policy and regulatory frame work Supporting Utility scale power generation Expanding off-grid applications Accelerating Research and Development Enhancing Domestic manufacturing base

18. Fiscal Incentives  100% Foreign Direct Investment  Zero Customs & Excise Duties on solar cells, modules and many raw materials and grid power projects  5% Customs and Excise duty on many other raw materials, components  Tax - holiday for (i) setting up units in backward and specified areas; and (ii) grid power projects  80% accelerated depreciation in the first year for certain capital investments  Grant for carrying out research and development and technology validation projects

19. Growth in Indian PV Production

20. Indian PV Industry  More than 80 companies, with installed capacity of over 1.8 GW make PV modules (As of March, 2012) -15 companies manufacture solar cells (> 700 MW installed capacity)  Manufacturing of various raw materials, components, devices and systems is coming up/expanding (Poly silicon, wafers, glass, EVA, back sheet, grid inverters, off-grid BoS, structures etc.)  Production capacity of 3-5 GWp likely by 2020 20

21. Status of PV in India 2600 MW : 53,00,000 SYSTEMS 30/09/2012

22. Grid Solar PV Power Plants in India  1044 MW capacity new Grid Solar Power projects commissioned by September, 2012 in 16 States 22

23. PV Capital Cost & CERC Tariff Trends

24. Proposed Cost Goal for PV : 2017  PV Module : < Rs. 30 per Wp  BoS : < Rs. 25 per Wp  Cost of Electricity : ~ Rs. 4 - 6 per kWh 24

25. Projection for Grid Parity in India

26. 26 R&D Strategy  Research at Academic/ Research Institutions on materials and devices with long-term perspective  Applied Research on existing processes and developing new technologies  Technology Validation aimed at field evaluation of materials, components and systems  Development of Centers of Excellence on different aspects of Solar Energy in research and education & Testing and Characterization  Support for Incubation and Innovation  International collaborations – institutional/industrial

27. R&D in PV - Focus on development of materials, devices and BOS including storage materials and methods - Identify research goals and thrust areas of research - Support research across the entire value chain - Involve industry in research and technology validation projects - The outcome of the research should lead to (i) improvements in the efficiencies, (ii) reduction in the material and energy consumption in manufacturing, (iii) improving the reliability, quality and life expectancy of the balance of system components. This will lead to achieving grid tariff parity during 2015 - 2017

28. Recent Initiatives in PV R&D Development of poly silicon material (Maharishi Solar) 20 -22% efficiency single crystal silicon cells (IIT-Mumbai) 10 – 12% efficiency nano crystalline thin film modules (IACS-Kolkata, HHV-Bangalore, NPL-New Delhi, BES University,-Howrah) 12- 15% efficiency CIGS cells (Moser Baer. NPL, KIIT University) 10- 12 % efficiency Dye sensitized cells (Amrita Nano Centre, IIT-Kanpur) 6% efficiency organic-inorganic hetero junction cells (IIT- Delhi, Delhi University)

29. Recent Initiatives in PV R&D Long term performance evaluation and training facility for Grid Solar PV Power at KPCL, Bangalore Long term performance evaluation and testing of solar lights at TERI University, New Delhi Long term performance evaluation of PV modules at SEC Development of batteries (CECRI-SEC) Development of inverters (IIT-B, BES University)

30. 30 Solar Energy Centre  Solar Energy Centre (SEC) near New Delhi under the Ministry is the lead Centre for testing and training in solar energy in the country  SEC has NABL accredited testing facilities for PV module qualification as per Indian and International standards  SEC is imparting training in solar energy at various levels  SEC is regularly conducting international training programmes in solar energy  Demonstration of several solar PV and thermal applications including setting up of 1 MW capacity solar thermal simulation and validation facility at SEC is under progress

31. Solar PV outdoor test bed at SEC

32. PV R&D Goals towards 2022 Type of Solar cellPresent Status Production (R&D) Conversion efficiency target(%) 2012 2017 2022 Single Crystal silicon solar cell 15 – 17% (19.7%) 18 (20) 22(24) 24 (26) Multi Crystal silicon solar cell 14.5 – 16.5% (16.8%) 17 20(22) 22 (24) Thin-film a-Si solar cell (Single/multi jn) 5 – 7% (9 – 12%) 8 (13) 10 (14) 12 (15) Thin-film a- Si/mc Si or nc tandem solar cell (11%) 9(12) 13 (16) 16 (20) Polycrystalline solar cell Cd Te (12%) CIGS (13%) 13 (16) 18 (22) (15) 15(20) 20(25)

33. PV R&D Goals towards 2022 Type of Solar cellPresent Status Production (R&D) Conversion efficiency target(%) 2012 2017 2022 Dye/ organic nano based solar cell (3-9.5%) (5 -12) 7-9 (15) 12-15 (20) Multi junction Conc solar cell GaAS group -- 35(40) 40 (43) Conc Cells Si- 25 (28) 27 (30) Module Life in years 25 25 > 30 > 35

34. Conclusions Indian policies have created investment friendly environment in the country for entire range of activities announced under the Mission India centric R&D and local manufacturing necessary to reduce the cost to achieve grid parity preferably by 2015-17 Partnerships necessary with global stakeholders India to be a major global player in PV technology

35. Thank You bhargavabh@gmail.com