1. International Energy Agency (IEA)~ Geothermal Implementing Agreement ~~~~~~~~~ Reflecting on 18 Years of Successful International Collaboration with a View to the Future M.A. Mongillo Secretary IEA-GIA & GNS Science, Wairakei, New Zealand C.J. Bromley Chairman IEA-GIA & GNS Science, Wairakei, New Zealand World Geothermal Congress 2015; Melbourne, Australia, 19-25 April 2015

2. Current Global Energy Scene  Growth in global energy demand is expected to continue  Recent IEA Studies (2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013) show  5% increase in total primary energy supply (TPES) 2009-2010  For 2010-2011 3.1% increase in TPES (to 13,113 Mtoe (549 EJ) 3.2% increase in electricity production (to 12,126 TWh) Associated CO2 emissions increased 3.4% (to 31,342 Mt) –2012 estimates even higher: 31,600 Mt  Continuing along the current energy demand growth path, even with current positive government policies, will likely result in: 2020 energy-related GHG emissions ~4 Gt higher than consistent with 2 °C target 3.6-5.3 °C increase in global temperature relative to pre-industrial levels by 2100 Now- real concern of not achieving limit of 2 °C increase TPES

3. Current Global Energy Scene  IEA continues investigate range scenarios to identify options to reduce emissions and achieve the global temperature rise limit of 2 °C  Most recent and encouraging: the Four-for-2 °C Scenario Can reduce growth in emissions to 3.1 Gt by 2020 –~80% savings needed for 2 °C path –No net economic cost Four policies 1)Adopt specific energy efficiency measures; e.g., energy performance for lighting 2)Limit construction and use least-efficient coal-fired power plants Great use of gas and renewable energies 3)Minimize CH4 emissions from upstream oil&gas venting and flaring 4)Accelerate partial phase-out subsidies to fossil-fuels consumption (US$ 523 B) These policies can: Deliver significant reductions by 2020; Rely only on existing technologies; Already adopted and proven in several countries; Taken together would not harm economic growth in any country/region  Awareness current global energy situation and possible calamitous future climate change outcomes strong incentives for urgent action  Recent IPCC Reports and IEA Geothermal Roadmap conclude: Geothermal energy can make substantial contribution by providing Long-term, secure, baseload electricity generation, and thermal energy for direct uses By 2050: provide >3% global electricity demand and ~5% demand for heat

4. The International Energy Agency (IEA)  Founded in 1974 in response to oil crisis  Energy forum for 29 countries  Works to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for all countries  Provides authoritative and unbiased research, statistics, analysis and recommendations  Focus on balanced energy policy making: energy security, economic development, environmental awareness & engagement worldwide  Implementing Agreements  Share research on breakthrough technologies  Fill existing research gaps  Deploy or demonstrate technology & build pilot plants  Currently 41 Implementing Agreements  Ten Renewable Energy Technologies  Bioenergy, Geothermal, Hydrogen, Hydropower, Ocean Energy Systems, Photovoltaic Power Systems, Renewable Energy Technology Deployment, Solar Heating and Cooling, Solar PACES and Wind Energy Systems

5. IEA Geothermal (GIA)  Established in March 1997 (operating 18 yrs)  Well into 4th Term of operation (2013-2018)  Provides versatile framework for international cooperation among national, industry and organization geothermal programmes for  Sharing information; developing technologies, techniques and best practices for Exploration, Development, Utilization  Producing & disseminating authoritative information and databases  Currently 18 Members:  14 Countries: Australia, France, Germany, Iceland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, Republic of Korea, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, and the United States, & EC  3 Industry/Organization Members: CanGEA, Geothermal Group- APPA, ORMAT Technologies  Secretariat at GNS, Taupo, New Zealand

6. Mission To promote the sustainable utilization of geothermal energy worldwide by optimizing international collaboration to improve technologies, thereby rendering exploitable the vast and widespread global geothermal resources, by facilitating knowledge transfer, by providing high quality information and by widely communicating geothermal energy’s strategic, economic and environmental benefits, hence contributing to the mitigation of climate change. The GIA’s 4 th Term Mission To realize this Mission, GIA participants take part in one or more tasks in the current six major study areas (Annexes)

7. Current Activities Annex I: Environmental Impacts of Geothermal Energy Development (1997)  Clearly identify possible environmental effects and devise and adopt methods to avoid or minimize their impact. Annex VII: Advanced Geothermal Drilling & Logging Technologies (2001)  Investigate and promote methods to reduce drilling costs and logging needs, clarify best practices and encourage the sharing of methods and technologies. Annex VIII: Direct Use of Geothermal Energy (2003)  Address all aspects of direct use technology with emphasis on improving implementation, reducing costs and enhancing use. Annex X: Data Collection and Information (2009/2010)  Collect and analyze current capacity and use data. Annex XI: Induced Seismicity (2010)  Determine necessary actions to make EGS fluid injection a safe and economical technology acceptable by the public and useful to the industry. Annex XII: Deep Roots of Volcanic Geothermal Systems (2014)  Advance knowledge on the nature and characteristics of the heat sources and heat transfer in the roots of volcanic geothermal systems. Annex III: Enhanced Geothermal Systems (1997; closed 2014)

8. Benefits of Membership  Increases R&D capabilities by combining efforts  Avoids duplication and unproductive research  Improves R&D cost effectiveness  Provides easier access to key information, research results and technological capabilities  Provides impartial information and analysis to help guide national policies and programmes  Provides the opportunity to review current issues, on-going and future research directions  Helps develop technical standards and methods  Investigates barriers to implementation  Contributes to the development of energy policies Successful collaboration provides important benefits and contributions to Members and international community

9. IEA Geothermal Representation  IEA support- raises profile of geothermal on international political scene  GIA significantly increased participation  IEA RE Meetings and Workshops  GIA and “geothermal” representation  NEET Workshops (Beijing, Moscow)  Contributions to IEA publications  Energy Technology Initiatives 2013- Drilling Down Geothermal Costs- Annex VII  IEA OPEN Bulletin (>12,000 subscribers)  Dealing with Induced Seismicity 2007 (Wikipedia)  Review of WGC 2010  IEA Technology Roadmap for Geothermal Heat and Power 2011 Contributions and Achievements GIA Participants testing a high temperature logging tool in a geothermal well to determine how to reduce costs (ETI 2013).

10. Cooperation with Other International Groups  Joint GIA/IGA Workshop on Geothermal Global Development Potential and Contribution to Mitigation of Climate Change- Madrid 2009  IPCC SRREN Report 2011- Chapter 4-Geothermal Energy  Lead/Contributing Authors and Reviewers  IPGT/GIA Annex XI Joint Activities on Induced Seismicity  Induced Seismicity Protocol  USDOE Geothermal Technologies Peer Review 2011, 2012  International Geothermal Association  Joint effort to collect and publish up-to-date geothermal power and direct heat use on annual basis Contributions and Achievements

11.  Redesigned Annexes  Annex I (Environmental Impacts)  Sustainable Utilization Strategies  Annex VIII (Direct Use)  Innovative Direct Use Applications  Communication  Guidelines for Geothermal Energy Statistics  Statistics for GHP Applications  Initiated new Annexes  X (Data Collection and Information)  2013- extended data collection to four non-Member countries (Indonesia, El Salvador, Kenya, Turkey)  XI (Induced Seismicity)  Joint activity with IPGT  XII (Deep Roots of Volcanic Geothermal Systems)  Initiated Proposal Funding Scheme in 2009  Ten proposals funded (US$ 10 k each)  Geothermics Special Issue- Sustainable Use  Participation at several international workshops  Global Review of Geothermal Reporting Terminology  Co-supported:  Direct Utilization of Geothermal Energy: Suitable Applications and Opportunities for Canada  Technology Cross-over between EGS and Hydrothermal Technology Contributions and Achievements Expanded Research and Information Activities

12. Major GIA Emphasis- Information Dissemination  Comprehensive public website: www.iea-gia.org  Comprehensive GIA Annual Reports  Trends in Geothermal Applications annual reports  Participation at major international renewable energy and geothermal conferences (Posters, Paper Presentations & Documents)  RE 2008 (Busan, Korea)  WGC 2000, 2005, 2010  European Geothermal Congress (Pisa, Italy)  GRC (2008-12) ; SGRW (2007-12)  NZGW (2007-12) Contributions and Achievements

13.  GIA/GNS International Geothermal Sustainability Modelling Workshop, November, 2008, Taupo, NZ  GIA/IGA Global Development Potential, May 2009, Madrid, Spain  Provided input for IPCC SRREN report  GIA/GNS Science How to Mitigate Environmental Impacts of Geothermal Development Workshop, June 2012, Taupo, NZ  GIA/EDC Seminar on Innovative Ways to Enhance Permeability, Reduce Drilling Costs and Sustain Geothermal Production, September 2013, Tagaytay, Philippines Joint International Seminars and Workshops Highlighted Efforts

14.  Geothermics Special Issue- Sustainable Utilization of Geothermal Energy  Guest Editors: Mike Mongillo & Guðni Axelsson  11 Papers (Electricity Generation & Direct Heat Use (incl. GHPs)  Published: December 2010, Issue 39/4  Geothermal Sustainability Reservoir Modelling- 53rd SIMS Conference, Reykyavik, Iceland (October 2012) Sustainability Highlighted Efforts

15. Reducing Drilling Costs  Well drilling costs/performance database  Well costs simulator  Drilling best-practices handbook (December 2010) Highlighted Efforts

16. IEA Technology Roadmap- Geothermal Heat and Power  3 International workshops  Paris, USA and Indonesia  Several GIA contributo rs  Published June 2011 Highlighted Efforts

17. Future Directions and Prospects  Geothermal development continues to grow globally; BUT Technical, political, financial & perceived barriers remain  GIA’s efforts aim to raise geothermal recognition among the other renewables and help overcome these barriers  GIA will focus on key areas:  Refine global geothermal resource potential estimates and development costs  Improve strategies for sustainable development and optimized performance  Devise cost-effective EGS reservoir stimulation technologies that minimize potential effects of induced seismicity  Continue development of the database for geothermal drilling costs and publish the spreadsheet calculator and seminar on geothermal drilling best practices  Collect current resource & development data/information, provide on the web  Promote benefits of geothermal and contribution mitigate climate change  Participate in major international and IEA meetings  Convene international workshops and seminars  Continue Membership growth  Indonesia, Philippines, China, India, etc.

18. Conclusions  GIA has enjoyed considerable success through its 18 years of international collaboration  We believe that geothermal will contribute significantly to the provision of energy to help satisfy the growing global demand, BUT WE NEED TO:  Improve & develop new technologies  Promote benefits of geothermal and its long- term sustainable use  Stress the contribution geothermal can make to mitigation of climate change This will require significant effort  IEA-GIA is well placed to help lead this international effort well into the future  There is a Bright Future ahead  The GIA invites and encourages new membership from those who wish to contribute, to join us in this venture!

19. To Find Out More About The GIA Visit the GIA Website at www.iea-gia.org or Contact the IEA-GIA Secretary mongillom@reap.org.nz