1. CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE
PRESENTED BY RABIA NAEEM

2. Objectives What is Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) ?
What is Vicious Cycle Of CKD Leading to ESRD ?
The Facts About Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
What are the tests for CKD ?
What Causes CKD ?
What Are the Symptoms of CKD ?
What are Treatments of CKD ?

3. Definition
Chronic kidney disease, also called chronic kidney failure, describes the gradual loss of kidney function.
When chronic kidney disease reaches an advanced stage, dangerous levels of fluid, electrolytes and wastes can build up in your body

4. Intro…
Chronic renal failure result from progressive and irreversible loss of large number of functioning nephrons .
Serious symptoms often do not occur until the number of functional nephrons falls to atleast 70 to 75 % below normal

5. Vicious cycle of CKD leading to ESRD
ESRD stands for end stage renal disease .
When primary kidney disease leads to progressive deterioration of kidney function and further loss of nephrons to the point where the person must be placed on dialysis treatment or transplanted with a functional kidney to survive

6. Vicious Circle
Vicious circle that can occur with primary kidney diseases
Loss of nephrons because of disease may increase pressure and flow in the surviving glomerular capillaries which in turn may eventually injured these normal capillaries as well thus causing progressive loss of these glomeruli .

9. Causes of ESRD Diabetes mellitus Hypertension
these are the leading causes of ESRD together accounting for more then 70 % of all chronic renal failure
Obesity or excessive weight gain appears the most important risk factor for these two causes of ESRD

10. Facts of CKD
Early detection can help prevent the progression of kidney disease to kidney failure.
Heart disease is the major cause of death for all people with CKD.
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the best estimate of kidney function.

11. Cont… Hypertension causes CKD and CKD causes hypertension.
Persistent proteinuria (protein in the urine) means CKD is present.
High risk groups include those with diabetes, hypertension and family history of kidney failure.

12. Tests for detection of CKD
Two simple tests can detect CKD:
blood pressure
2. urine albumin and serum creatinin.

13. Causes of CKD The two main causes of chronic kidney disease are
Diabetes
high blood pressure
which are responsible for up to two-thirds of the cases.

14. DIABETES happens when your blood sugar is too high, causing damage to many organs in your body, including the kidneys and heart, as well as blood vessels, nerves and eyes .
HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE or hypertension, occurs when the pressure of your blood against the walls of your blood vessels increases. If uncontrolled, or poorly controlled, high blood pressure can be a leading cause of heart attacks, strokes and chronic kidney disease. Also, chronic kidney disease can cause high blood pressure.

15. Other conditions that affect the kidneys are:
Glomerulonephritis, a group of diseases that cause inflammation and damage to the kidney's filtering units. These disorders are the third most common type of kidney disease.
Obstructions caused by problems like kidney stones, tumors or an enlarged prostate gland in men.
Repeated urinary infections.

16. Cont…
Inherited diseases, such as polycystic kidney disease, which causes large cysts to form in the kidneys and damage the surrounding tissue.
Malformations that occur as a baby develops in its mother's womb. For example, a narrowing may occur that prevents normal outflow of urine and causes urine to flow back up to the kidney. This causes infections and may damage the kidneys.
Lupus and other diseases that affect the body's immune system.

17. symptoms of CKD Have trouble concentrating Symptoms are given below :
Feel more tired and have less energy
Have trouble concentrating
Have a poor appetite
Have trouble sleeping
Have muscle cramping at night

18. Cont… Have swollen feet and ankles
Have puffiness around your eyes, especially in the morning
Have dry, itchy skin
Need to urinate more often, especially at night.

19. Treatment of CkD CKD can be treated by Dialysis
Transplantation of kidney