1. 1. means (p. 242, line 9) Sentence: ….because farm chores had to be completed mostly by MEANS of manual labor by the farmer and his family Meaning: a method, system, object, etc. that is used a way of achieving a result Pronunciation: /minz/ Expression: by means of Part of speech: noun Grammar of the word: plural only

2. 2. productive (p. 242, line 6) Sentence: Farmers in the 1900s were not able to be as PRODUCTIVE as farmers of today. Meaning: producing or achieving a lot Pronunciation: /prə‘dʌktɪv/ Antonym: unproductive Part of speech: adjective Noun form: productivity [U] Verb form: produce [T] Adverb form: productively

3. 3. adapt (p. 19, line 6) Sentence: Living beings who spend all of their time at high altitudes are able to ADAPT to shortages of oxygen. Meaning: to change something so that it is appropriate for a new purpose or condition Part of speech: verb Grammar of the word: transitive Pronunciation: /ə’dӕpt/ After the word: infinitive OR “for” + noun Noun form: adaptation [U] Adjective form: adaptable

4. 4. shortage (p. 19, line 6) Sentence: Living beings who spend all of their time at high altitudes are able to adapt to SHORTAGES of oxygen. Meaning: a situation in which there is not enough of something that people need Part of speech: noun Grammar of the word: countable & uncountable Pronunciation: /‘ʃɔrțɪʤ/ After the word: “of” + noun Adjective form: short [of]

5. 5. drop (p. 491, right column, line 6) Sentence: This is quite a DROP from the 40 percent of the population that was involved in agriculture in 1900. Meaning: a decrease in the amount, level, or number of something Pronunciation: /drap/ Grammar of the word: singular Part of speech: noun Verb form: drop [T,I] dropped, dropping