1. Diseases of the Urinary System

2. Cystitis
Inflammation of the bladder usually caused by pathogens entering the urinary meatus
More common in females because of the shortness of the urethra

3. Symptoms: (1) Frequent urination
(2) Dysuria and a burning sensation during urination
(3) Hematuria
(4) Bladder spasm
(5) Fever

4. Increased fluid intake
Treatment:
Antibiotics
Increased fluid intake

5. Glomerulonephritis/Nephritis
Inflammation of the glomerulus of the kidney
Can be: Acute or Chronic

6. Acute Glomerulonephritis
Usually follows a streptococcal infection such as strep throat, scarlet fever, or rheumatic fever
Glomerulonephritis from scarlet fever

7. Cut surface of the kidney with glomerulonephritis

8. Acute Glomerulonephritis symptoms:
Chills
Fever
Fatigue
Edema
Oliguria
Hematuria
albuminuria (protein in the urine)

9. Treatment: Rest Restriction of salt
Maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance
Antipyretics for fever
Antibiotics
With treatment kidney function is usually restored

10. Chronic Glomerulonephritis
(1) Follows repeated attacks of acute glomerulonephritis
(2) Progressive disease that causes scarring and sclerosing of the glomeruli
Chronic Glomerulonephritis

11. Symptoms: Early symptoms: hematuria, albuminuria, hypertension
As disease progresses, more glomeruli are destroyed
Edema, fatigue, anemia, congestive heart failure
Finally, renal failure and death occur

12. Treatment: Directed at measures to treat symptoms Low- sodium diet
Antihypertensive drugs
Maintenance of fluids and electrolytes
Dialysis: removal of waste products from the blood by a hemodialysis machine
Kidney transplant when both kidneys are severely damaged

13. Dialysis

14. Pyelonephritis Inflammation of the kidney tissue and renal pelvis
Usually caused by pyogenic (pus forming) bacteria

15. Symptoms:
Chills
Fever
Back pain
Dysuria
Hematuria
Pyuria

16. Treatment:
Antibiotics
Increased fluid intake

17. Renal Calculus /Urinary Calculus
Kidney stone formed when salts in the urine form a precipitate (settle out of solution)
(1) Small calculi may be eliminated in the urine
(2) Larger stones often become lodged in the renal pelvis or ureter

18. Kidney Stones

19. Symptoms: (1) Sudden intense pain known as renal colic
(2) Hematuria and urinary retention

20. Treatment: (1) Increase fluids (2) Provide pain medication
(3) Strain all urine through gauze or filter paper to see if the stones are eliminated
(4) Lithotripsy: procedure that is used to crush the stones with shock waves to that they can be eliminated through the urine
(5) Surgery to remove the calculi in some cases

21. Renal Failure
Kidney stop functioning
Can be Acute or Chronic

22. Acute renal failure (ARF)
Cause by hemorrhage, shock, injury, poisoning, nephritis, or dehydration
Chronic renal failure (CRF)
Results from progressive loss of kidney function
Causes: chronic glomerulonephritis, hypertension, toxins, and endocrine diseases
Waste products accumulate in the blood and affect many body systems

23. Symptoms: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea Decreased mental ability
Convulsions and muscle irritability
Ammonia smell of the breath and perspiration
Later stages: coma and death

24. Treatment: Dialysis and control of fluid intake
Diet modifications and restrictions
Careful skin and mouth care
Kidney transplant is the only cure
Tracy Morgan after transplant

25. Uremia
Toxic condition that occurs when the kidneys fail and urinary waste products are present in the bloodstream
Causes:
(1) Any condition that affects proper function of the kidneys
(2) Renal failure, chronic glomerulonephritis, hypertension

26. Symptoms: (1) Nausea and vomiting (2) Ammonia odor to the breath
(3) Oliguria or anuria
(4) Headache and mental confusion
(5) Coma and death

27. Treatment:
Restricted diet
Dialysis until a kidney transplant can be performed

28. Urethritis Inflammation of the urethra Causes:
bacteria such as gonococcus, viruses, or chemicals such as bubble bath solutions

29. Symptoms: (1) Frequent and painful urination
(2) Redness and itching at urinary meatus
(3) Purulent (pus) discharge

30. Treatment: (1) Sitz baths or warm moist compresses (2) Antibiotics
(3) Increased fluid intake