1. Theories of Personality
CHAPTER 14
Personality refers to long-lasting patterns of behavior. Is your personality a result of unseen forces, what you learn, or inherited genes?
Theories of Personality
© West Educational Publishing
EXIT

2. Defining Personality
Psychologists look at theories of personality to help them study people.
Personality is made up of consistent and long-lasting patterns of behavior.
© West Educational Publishing
EXIT

3. Click on a theory for more information.
Personality Theories
Psychoanalytic
Social
Psychoanalytic
Click on a theory for more information.
Behavioristic
Humanistic
Trait Theories
© West Educational Publishing
EXIT

4. Psychoanalytic Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
Personality is set by age 5 or 6.
Personality development is guided by the family and its conflicts.
Memories from childhood are buried in the unconscious and reached using a method called free association.
Forbidden needs or desires are repressed but can appear as conflicts and anxieties.
© West Educational Publishing
EXIT

5. Conscious Mind Preconscious Mind Unconscious Mind
Freud’s Conception of Personality
Conscious
Mind
Ego - the self (reality) listens to both the id and the superego. Decision maker (I’ll get my dessert after my homework is done.)
Preconscious
Mind
Superego - “the conscience” feels guilt and pride (Is there enough dessert for everyone?)
Id - present at birth; basic needs and drives - emphasis on sexual and aggressive forces (I’m hungry - I’ll take the biggest dessert.)
Unconscious
Mind
© West Educational Publishing
EXIT

6. Freudian Stages of Development
Genital (Adulthood)
Marriage partner is found
Latency (6 years to adolescence)
Conflicts surface from childhood
Phallic (2 1/2 to 5 or 6 years)
The Oedipus Complex
Anal (1 1/2 to 2 1/2 years)
Being stingy or overly generous
Oral (Birth to 1 1/2 years)
Chewing, sucking, biting
EXIT
© West Educational Publishing

7. Carl Jung
Jung believed that the unconscious contained religious and mystical beliefs that also controlled behavior.
The collective unconscious is the set of ideas shared by the entire human race (called archetypes or universal human concepts).
We all develop personas (fake personalities) to fit what we think we should be like. ?
Click for more information.
Psychoanalytic
Social
Psychoanalytic
Humanistic
Behavioristic
© West Educational Publishing
Trait Theories
EXIT

8. Social Psychoanalytic Theories
Karen Horney disagreed with Freud’s emphasis on biological drives—she emphasized the stresses that come from peoples’ need for love and acceptance. People who do not receive love build up anxiety and stress in the unconscious.
Alfred Adler believed people need to feel worthwhile and important. People who feel inferior to others seek to control others by bullying.
Erik Erikson believed some aspects of personality can change. He named eight stages that all people go through.
© West Educational Publishing
EXIT

9. Erickson’s Eight Stages
Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to 2 years)
Autonomy vs. Shame (2 to 3 years)
Initiative vs. Guilt (3 to 5 years)
Industry vs. Inferiority (6 to 12 years)
Identify vs. Identity Confusion (13 to 18 years)
Intimacy vs. Isolation (18 to 30 years)
Generativity vs. Stagnation (middle adulthood)
Ego Integrity vs. Ego Despair (late adulthood)
Click for more information.
Psychoanalytic
Social
Psychoanalytic
Humanistic
Behavioristic
© West Educational Publishing
Trait Theories
EXIT

10. Click the names for more information.
Behavioristic
Personalities evolve from a series of rewards and punishments.
Albert Bandura
John Watson
B.F. Skinner
Click the names for more information.
© West Educational Publishing
EXIT

11. Present behavior is based on learning from past experiences.
Behavioristic
Personalities evolve from a series of rewards and punishments.
Albert Bandura
John Watson
B.F. Skinner
Present behavior is based on learning from past experiences.
Click for more information.
Psychoanalytic
Social
Psychoanalytic
Humanistic
Behavioristic
© West Educational Publishing
Trait Theories
EXIT

12. Behavioristic
Personalities evolve from a series of rewards and punishments.
Albert Bandura
John Watson
B.F. Skinner
Behavior is the result of reinforcements and modeling behavior after others.
Click for more information.
Psychoanalytic
Social
Psychoanalytic
Humanistic
Behavioristic
© West Educational Publishing
Trait Theories
EXIT

13. Behavior is the result of consequences or reinforcements.
Behavioristic
Personalities evolve from a series of rewards and punishments.
Albert Bandura
John Watson
B.F. Skinner
Behavior is the result of consequences or reinforcements.
Click for more information.
Psychoanalytic
Social
Psychoanalytic
Humanistic
Behavioristic
© West Educational Publishing
Trait Theories
EXIT

14. Humanistic
Behavior is based on striving for individual positive potential.
Abraham Maslow
Carl Rogers
Each person is unique and has the potential to be self-actualized.
People are basically good. People strive for their ideal self. People strive to be fully functioning.
Click for more information.
Psychoanalytic
Social
Psychoanalytic
Humanistic
Behavioristic
© West Educational Publishing
Trait Theories
EXIT

15. Click on the names for more information.
Trait Theories
Personal traits such as shyness and aggressiveness influence how we perceive the world. Traits describe the personality.
Gordon Allport .
Click on the names for more information.
Hans
Eysenck
Raymond
Cattell
Five-Factor
Model
© West Educational Publishing
EXIT

16. Cardinal traits are strong personality traits that rule behavior.
Central traits are characteristic of the person in many situations.
Secondary traits are weakest traits and appear only in certain situations.
Gordon Allport
Click for more information.
Allport
© West Educational Publishing
Eysenck
Cattell
5 Factors
EXIT

17. Raymond Cattell Surface traits are behaviors seen everyday.
Source traits are core or summarizing traits.
Click for more information.
Allport
© West Educational Publishing
Eysenck
Cattell
5 Factors
EXIT

18. Hans Eysenck
Eysenck describes personality in terms of how extroverted (outgoing) or introverted a person is.
This is also seen in terms of degrees of emotional stability and emotional instability.
Examples include:
Submissive
Dominant
Trusting
Suspicious
Conservative
Experimenting
Relaxed
Tense
Serious
Frivolous
Click for more information.
Allport
© West Educational Publishing
Eysenck
Cattell
5 Factors
EXIT

19. O C E A N The Five Factor Model
Research suggests that five personality factors are inherited or at least present at an early age. O C E A N
Openness; curiosity; accepting of other points of view
Conscientiousness; self-discipline; willingness to achieve
Extraversion; sociable; outgoing
Agreeableness
Neuroticism or emotional stability
Click for more information.
Allport
Eysenck
Cattell
5 Factors
Psychoanalytic
Social
Psychoanalytic
Humanistic
Behavioristic
© West Educational Publishing
Trait Theories
EXIT

20. Summary of Main Topics Covered
Psychoanalytic
Social Psychoanlytic
Behavioristic
Humanistic
Trait Theories
Allport
Cattell
Eysenck
Five-Factor Model
© West Educational Publishing
EXIT